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November 30, 2010; 75 (22) Articles

CMT2C with vocal cord paresis associated with short stature and mutations in the TRPV4 gene

D.-H. Chen, Y. Sul, M. Weiss, A. Hillel, H. Lipe, J. Wolff, M. Matsushita, W. Raskind, T. Bird
First published November 29, 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ffe4bb
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Abstract

Background: Recently, mutations in the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 gene (TRPV4) have been reported in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2C (CMT2C) with vocal cord paresis. Other mutations in this same gene have been described in separate families with various skeletal dysplasias. Further clarification is needed of the different phenotypes associated with this gene.

Methods: We performed clinical evaluation, electrophysiology, and genetic analysis of the TRPV4 gene in 2 families with CMT2C.

Results: Two multigenerational families had a motor greater than sensory axonal neuropathy associated with variable vocal cord paresis. The vocal cord paresis varied from absent to severe, requiring permanent tracheotomy in 2 subjects. One family with mild neuropathy also manifested pronounced short stature, more than 2 SD below the average height for white Americans. There was one instance of dolichocephaly. A novel S542Y mutation in the TRPV4 gene was identified in this family. The other family had a more severe, progressive, motor neuropathy with sensory loss, but less remarkable short stature and an R315W mutation in TRPV4. Third cranial nerve involvement and sleep apnea occurred in one subject in each family.

Conclusion: CMT2C with axonal neuropathy, vocal cord paresis, and short stature is a unique syndrome associated with mutations in the TRPV4 gene. Mutations in TRPV4 can cause abnormalities in bone, peripheral nerve, or both and may result in highly variable orthopedic and neurologic phenotypes.

More than 30 genes and genetic loci have been associated with the Charcot-Marie-Tooth hereditary neuropathy syndrome (CMT), also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN).1 CMT is categorized by a combination of genetic, electrophysiologic, and clinical features. CMT1 is autosomal dominant with slow nerve conduction velocities (demyelinating). CMT2 is autosomal dominant with normal or near normal nerve conduction velocities and reduced compound muscle action potentials (axonal). The most common form of CMT2 is associated with mutations in the Mitofusin gene (MFN2).2,3 However, in 1994, Dyck and colleagues4 described a syndrome of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with diaphragm and vocal paresis designated as CMT2C. This category was subsequently confirmed and linked to chromosome 12q23–24.5,–,8 Recently a few groups have described several families with autosomal dominant CMT2C, scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA), and congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) having mutations in the calcium permeable ion channel gene (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4; TRPV4).9,–,12 Independently, 2 groups previously reported other mutations in the TRPV4 gene associated with the bone disorders spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, metatropic dysplasia, and brachyolmia13,14 (recently further expanded15). We now describe 2 families having both CMT2C and short stature caused by mutations in TRPV4 (one novel), thereby enlarging and unifying the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in this gene.

METHODS

Subjects.

Subjects were evaluated in the Neurogenetics Clinic of the University of Washington Medical School. Vocal cord analysis was conducted in the Otolaryngology Clinic by A.H. EMG and nerve conduction studies (NCV) were performed using a Viking IV (Nicolet, Madison, WI). Leukocyte DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples by standard methods to analyze for mutations in the TRPV4 gene.

Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.

The protocol and consent forms used in this study were approved by the Human Subject Review Committee of the University of Washington.

Mutation detection.

Initial mutation screening for TRPV4 was conducted in affected members III-2 in family 1 and II-2 in family 2, and a normal control. The 15 coding exons (exons 2–16) of TRPV4 and their corresponding splice junctions were amplified (for sequences of primers, see the supplemental data on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org).

Amplifications were performed with FastStart Taq polymerase (Roche, IN) as described,16 with optimized annealing temperatures of 58 °C, and direct DNA sequencing was performed as previously described.16 Briefly, sequencing reaction were carried out using the BigDye V3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, CA) with the same forward primers as in the PCR amplification, and sequencing products were electrophoresed on an ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer. To confirm the mutations, exon 6 and exon 10 were also sequenced in reverse.

The identified nucleotide substitution 943 C>T creates a new restriction endonuclease recognition site for AflIII and the substitution 1625 C>A eliminates a restriction endonuclease recognition site for EcoRI. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with AflIII digestion of the 516 bp of exon 6 PCR amplicon generates fragments of 186 bp and 330 bp for the mutant allele. RFLP with EcoRI digestion of the 708 bp of exon 9–10 amplicon generates 152 bp and 556 bp fragments for the wild-type allele. RFLP analyses with these enzymes (New England Biolabs, MA) were performed on samples from the available family members, and 200 unrelated normal controls, under conditions suggested by the manufacturer. Restriction fragments were separated on 2% agarose gels.

Twenty subjects from separate families with a CMT syndrome (16 CMT2 and 4 CMT1) but without vocal cord paresis and unrelated to any known gene were also screened for TRPV4 mutations by sequencing the coding exons as described above.

RESULTS

Clinical findings.

Family 1.

The pedigree is shown in figure 1A. Individual III-1 is a 53-year-old woman who is 54.5 inches tall (4 feet 6.5 inches; 138.4 cm). She has always noted difficulty breathing especially when exposed to certain perfumes or cheeses. Her neurologic examination shows normal cranial nerve function (except for slightly hoarse voice and stridor), absent deep tendon reflexes, downgoing plantar reflexes, mild high arches and hammertoes, decreased appreciation of vibration in the toes that was felt at the ankles, and normal appreciation of position, light touch, temperature, and pinprick. She is fully ambulatory without assistance. There is mild weakness of dorsiflexion of her feet and she cannot walk on her heels. She has no weakness or atrophy of other proximal or distal muscles. Although she has short stature, her hands, feet, and limbs appeared proportional to the rest of her body size. Electrophysiologic testing revealed normal motor and sensory NCVs with reduced amplitude of the peroneal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (table). Laryngoscopic observation of her vocal cords showed incomplete closure with a glottic gap during phonation and asymmetrically and incomplete opening during breathing (figure 2). X-rays of her cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine showed reduced height of all vertebral bodies.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Pedigrees of family 1 (A) and family 2 (B)

Square = male; circle = female; diamond = either sex; black = affected; age under each symbol; mutation genotype under each symbol; + = normal wild-type gene.

View this table:
Table

Clinical characteristics of CMT2C subjects

Figure 2
Figure 2 Images of vocal cords from video stroboscopic examination during breathing of (A) normal subject, (B) individual III-1 in family 1, and (C) individual III-2 in family 2

The 2 affected family members have limited and asymmetric opening of the vocal cords during breathing compared with the wide open cords in the normal subject (A).

The major clinical features of other family members are shown in the table. Muscle weakness was typically mild and distal in the lower limbs but varied from absent in IV-2 to moderate in III-2, who also had mild to moderate proximal weakness of the upper and lower limbs. III-2 had a quadriceps muscle biopsy that showed chronic neurogenic atrophy. She had reduced phrenic nerve CMAP amplitude (150 mV; normal >200 mV), chest fluoroscopy showing decreased movement of both diaphragms, and she died of respiratory problems and heart failure at home at age 44. There was mild sensory loss to vibration in the feet of 2 persons.

Electrophysiologic studies showed that sensory and motor nerve conductions were normal except for occasional prolonged distal latencies (IV-5 with carpal tunnel syndrome; table). CMAP amplitudes were decreased. Electromyograms of 3 persons all showed positive sharp waves, increased amplitudes of motor unit action potentials, and decreased recruitment in muscles of both upper and lower limbs.

Vocal cord paresis occurred in 4 persons (1 requiring tracheotomy) and a raspy voice was noted in IV-2. EMG of the vocal cords in II-1 was normal on the right and showed decreased recruitment on the left. Hoarseness and stridor in IV-4 improved after lysis of a posterior arytenoid scar band.

IV-5 had large pupils that were slow to react to light and were more reactive to near accommodation, suggesting Adie's pupils. No pharmacologic testing was done.

The 4 affected and examined women in this family have an average height of 4 feet 8 inches (142.2 cm), which is more than 2 SD below the mean (5 feet 4.9 inches; 164.8 cm) for non-Hispanic white American women.17 The 2 affected men had heights of 5 feet 3 inches (159.2 cm) and 5 feet 4 inches (162 cm), both more than 2 SD below the mean heights of non-Hispanic white men.17 Unaffected family member IV-3 is of normal height at 5 feet 11 inches (180.3 cm). Little is known about family member I-2 except that she was approximately 4 feet 6 inches and died at age 70. In addition, dolichocephaly observed in IV-2 was corroborated by skull X-rays (biparietal diameter/fronto-occipital diameter ratio of 0.72; normal >0.74) and an enlarged occipital-frontal circumference of 61 cm.

Family 2.

This family is Kinship 2 reported in the original description of CMT2C in 1994.4 The index case (II-2, figure 1B) is now 47 years old. Between ages 6 months and 3 years, she had numerous episodes of acute respiratory stridor that required the placement of a permanent tracheotomy for partial vocal cord paresis at age 3 years. Laryngoscopy at age 6 years revealed no movement of the right cord and slight movement of the left cord with a raspy but understandable voice. At age 7, she was discovered to have a peripheral neuropathy, which has been slowly progressive. As an adult, she has weakness and atrophy of all intrinsic muscles of her hands, marked weakness of the extensors and flexors of her ankles, absent tendon reflexes, and loss of position, vibration, and pinprick sensation in her hands and feet. She uses a wheelchair but can walk short distances with assistance. At age 27, her motor and sensory NCV were normal but her median CMAP amplitudes and sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes were reduced. Several other SNAPs were normal at that age. Twenty years later, there was further reduction of CMAP amplitudes and complete loss of previously preserved SNAPs (with slightly delayed median motor distal latency). She is 4 feet 11.5 inches (152 cm) tall.

At age 8 months, her daughter (III-2) had recurrent episodes of severe stridor. At age 6, she was noted to have bilateral vocal cord paresis. Her tendon reflexes were absent with mild atrophy of her intrinsic hand muscles, mild weakness of ankle dorsiflexion, and normal sensory examination. She had normal motor and sensory NCV with reduced CMAP amplitudes of several nerves. As an adult she is 5 feet 2 inches (156 cm) tall, has marked bilateral foot drop, and uses a wheelchair, although she can ambulate short distances with a walker. She has loss of position and vibration sensation in her feet. She has a congenital strabismus with partial right third nerve deficit and a history of sleep apnea. Video stroboscopic evaluation of her vocal cords showed an immobile right cord and partially mobile left cord. During simple phonation, there was almost complete glottis closure, but there was a 0.5-cm glottic gap during speech and humming and some paradoxical movement of the left cord during deep inspiration.

The father (I-1) of the index case had no stridor, wheezing, or breathing or voice problems. He had onset of a peripheral neuropathy at about age 45. His tendon reflexes were absent with bilateral foot drop and bilateral atrophy of intrinsic hand muscles. He had mild loss of the appreciation of vibration and pinprick in both feet. He was 5 feet 8 inches (172.7 cm) tall. Electrophysiologic testing revealed a mixed axonal/demyelinating neuropathy with reduced CMAP amplitudes and mildly reduced NCVs.

Genetic studies.

The 15 protein coding exons in TRPV4 and their splice junctions were PCR-amplified and sequenced in an affected individual (III-2 in figure 1) and her affected son (IV-4 in figure 1) in family 1 and a normal control. A heterozygous C to A transversion was identified at nucleotide 1625 (figure 3) in exon 10 in both affected individuals. This sequence change predicts substitution of tyrosine for serine in residue 542 (S542Y). In II-2 in family 2, a heterozygous C to T transversion was found in nucleotide 943 in exon 6 (figure 3). This change predicts substitution of tryptophan for arginine at residue 315 (R315W). No other sequence alterations were found. Ser542 and Arg315 are evolutionarily conserved in all mammals and invertebrates. By RFLP analyses with EcoRI or AflIII, we confirmed that affected members were heterozygous for 1625 C>A and 943 C>T mutations in family 1 and family 2, respectively, and available unaffected relatives had the wild-type sequence. A 95-year-old woman in family 1 (the maternal aunt of II-1) is short (4 feet 8.5 inches, 144.8 cm) but tested negative for the S542Y mutation. These 2 nucleotide changes were not detected in 200 controls (400 chromosomes).

Figure 3
Figure 3 Sequence chromatograms of portions of exons 6 and 10 of TRPV4 from affected individuals with CMT2C in 2 families

(A) A heterozygous C to A transversion at nucleotide 1625 (in exon 10) in an affected subject in family 1. This change predicts amino acid alteration of S542Y. (B) A heterozygous C to T transversion at nucleotide 943 in an affected subject in family 2. This change predicts amino acid alteration of R315W.

We then screened the TRPV4 coding region in 20 other unrelated subjects with a familial CMT syndrome but no known genetic cause and no vocal cord paresis. No pathologic nucleotide changes were identified in those cases. In one family, a nucleotide change leading to an amino acid alteration (1684 G>A, V521I) was identified but this is a known polymorphism (NCI database; NM_021625.3).

DISCUSSION

Two mutations in the TRPV4 gene causing autosomal dominant brachyolmia, a syndrome of moderate short trunk, short stature, mildly short limbs and digits, and no extra skeletal findings were reported in 2008.13 Subsequently, 8 additional mutations in TRPV4 causing a variety of skeletal dysplasia phenotypes including spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and metatropic dysplasia were described.14,15 These are autosomal dominant syndromes of short stature and kyphoscoliosis, frequently progressive and severe, and associated with abnormalities in vertebra and tubular bones. None of these families have associated neurologic problems. However, more recently 4 separate groups reported additional families with 5 mutations in TRPV4 associated with CMT2C including a previously described syndrome of SPSMA and congenital distal SMA.9,–,12 The SPSMA family had variable skeletal abnormalities that included congenital hip dysplasia, scoliosis, smaller hands with clinodactyly, and one arm or leg shorter than the other.9,18 The family members were not described as being short, but a subsequent sporadic case was noted to have short stature (height not given) compatible with the more detailed findings of the present study.12

In the present study, we enlarge and unify the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in the TRPV4 gene. The 2 families reported here share the common characteristics of axonal neuropathy, vocal cord paresis, and short stature. In family 1, the neuropathy was generally mild and associated with normal NCVs and reduced CMAP amplitudes but preserved SNAPs. Although the syndrome was generally quite mild in family 1, III-2 was more severely affected with proximal weakness and the phrenic nerve involvement may have contributed to her respiratory failure and death. In family 2, the neuropathy produced much more prominent weakness, was associated with decreased CMAP amplitudes, but also reduced SNAP amplitudes, with progression of these changes over time.

Both families exhibited short stature that was more prominent in family 1 and also seemed to be more evident in females. The males also tended to be short, although fewer males were available for examination. One unaffected man without the TRPV4 mutation in family 1 has normal height, providing additional evidence that short stature is associated with CMT2C and the TRPV4 mutation. However, the short stature of the unaffected 95-year-old woman in family 1 suggests there could be more than one type of short stature in this family. The short stature related to mutant TRPV4 is presumed to be on the basis of a slight reduction in the height of all vertebral bodies and may be the result of a mild metaphyseal dysplasia. The digits and limbs of the affected family members were proportional to their height. Therefore, the metaphyseal defect must be affecting all bones proportionally. No abnormalities were noted on plain X-rays of digits or long bones. It is of interest that one member in family 1 had dolichocephaly, which may also be the result of a bone growth defect.

The vocal cord paresis was also highly variable in both families. Some family members had no laryngeal difficulty whereas several had hoarse voices and 2 had significant paresis requiring permanent tracheotomy. It has been assumed that the vocal cord paresis is part of the underlying axonal neuropathy. However, it is possible that a soft tissue or cartilage defect is playing a role in this problem.19 Our observations in the 20 CMT subjects without vocal cord paresis who tested negative for TRPV4 mutations document that pathologic TRPV4 mutations are unlikely to be found in CMT patients in the absence of a personal or family history of vocal cord paresis. Although it is a defining characteristic of CMT2C, vocal cord paresis is not unique to CMT2C. For example, it has been described relatively often in association with CMT4A caused by mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein gene (GDAP1).20 Other cranial nerves may also be involved in CMT2C as evidenced by the 2 persons in our families with third cranial nerve deficits. Pupillary abnormalities have been described in a variety of patients with CMT221 and oculomotor nerve abnormalities have been reported with patients with axonal neuropathy and mutations in TUBB3.22

TRPV4 has a key regulatory role in the bone growth plate, perhaps modulated through interactions with SOX9, TRPP1, and TRPP2.23 It may also be involved in keratinocyte regulation and ciliary function in cartilage and growth plates. TRPV4 is a known member of the TRP superfamily of cation channels mediating the influx of extracellular calcium that then activates pathways leading to the secretion of K+ and Cl− and loss of intracellular water.24,25 It is not clear how perturbations of this system would affect neuronal or axonal function. It is of interest that the mutation in our family 2, also found in family 1 of Auer-Grumbach et al.,11 occurs in a codon (315) adjacent to the codon (316) mutated in the SPSMA family reported by Deng et al.9 Perhaps this region is a hot spot for mutations in TRPV4 associated with CMT. Five of 6 previously published mutations associated with neurogenic weakness syndromes (including CMT2C) cluster in the ankyrin repeat domain (figure 4). Although the mutations responsible for skeletal dysplasias are scattered along the gene, 8 of 11 mutations are located in the transmembrane domain. It is interesting that the novel mutation S542Y found in our family 1 with CMT2C and short stature and the V620I mutation associated with distal weakness and short stature12 are both in the transmembrane domain (figure 4). Correlation of the different phenotypes with the various mutations will require further evaluation. Our family 1 has a less severe syndrome than family 2, but both kindreds share muscle weakness and atrophy, vocal cord paresis, and skeletal abnormalities. Our family 2 has prominent sensory loss and reduced SNAP amplitudes, which is uncommon in the other reported families and occurred in only 7/42 subjects (17%) in the 5 families described by Auer-Grumbach et al.11 Many TRVP channels play a role in several sensory functions and TRPV4 is found in dorsal root ganglion cells, so it is not surprising to find sensory deficits associated with a mutation in TRPV4. 24,26

Figure 4
Figure 4 Schematic structure of TRPV4 protein and mutations identified in the gene

Functional domains are predicted by the SMART database. The protein contains a proline-rich domain (PRD), an ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), which includes ankyrin repeats (A 1–6), 6 transmembrane segments (S1–S6), and a putative pore region. The mutations associated with CMT2C and related neurologic syndrome and their corresponding positions in the gene are indicated at the top of the protein. The mutations identified in this report are indicated by asterisks. The mutations associated with skeletal dysplasias and their positions in the gene are indicated underneath the protein. Note that 2 mutations (S542Y and V620I) have been associated with both neurologic syndrome and short stature.

Mutations in the TRPV4 gene may cause a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes that vary from familial skeletal dysplasias to axonal neuropathies. Mutations in this gene are not a common cause of CMT, as shown by their absence in the 20 additional cases screened in this study. However, clinical neurologists should think of the TRPV4 gene when they identify a patient with axonal neuropathy and vocal cord paresis, especially if associated with short stature. In addition, families with metaphyseal dysplasia and mutations in TRPV4 should be investigated further for subtle signs of axonal neuropathy.

DISCLOSURE

Dr. Chen receives licensing fees for PKCgamma in diagnosis of SCA14 from Athena Diagnostics, Inc. Ms. Sul reports no disclosures. Dr. Weiss has received speaker honoraria from Athena Diagnostics, Inc., and Talecris Biotherapeutics; serves on the editorial boards of Muscle and Nerve and the Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease; has served as a consultant for Genzyme Corporation and for Washington State Department of Labor and Industries; and serves on the speakers' bureau for Athena Diagnostics, Inc. Dr. Hillel reports no disclosures. Ms. Lipe receives research support from a Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Grant. Mr. Wolff reports no disclosures. Mr. Matsushita receives research support from the NIH (R01 NS069719 [technician] and R01 HD054562 [technician]), and from the Seattle Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center. Dr. Raskind serves on the editorial boards of the American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics Section); the Journal of Learning Disabilities, The Open Genomics Journal, and Neuropsychopharmacology; receives licensing fees for PKCgamma in diagnosis of SCA14 from Athena Diagnostics, Inc.; receives research support from the NIH (R01 NS069719 [PI], HD054562 [PI], RC1 AG035681 [PI], RC2 HG005608 [PI], R01 AG033693 [coinvestigator], and P50 HD055782 [coinvestigator]) and from the Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and her spouse serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders: An International Journal, and the European Neurological Journal; receives research support from the NIH (AG005136 and R01 MH069867) and from the Department of Veterans Affairs; and served as an expert witness on behalf of Johnson & Johnson on galantamine patent case. Dr. Bird serves on scientific advisory boards for the Association for Frontotemporal Dementia and the CMT Association; has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Athena Diagnostics, Inc.; serves on the editorial boards of Brain and Neurology Today; is listed as a co-inventor on and receives license fees from Athena Diagnostics, Inc. for patents re: PKCgamma in diagnosis of SCA14 and Mutations Associated With A Human Demyelinating Neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1C); receives royalties from the publication of Human Genetics: Principles and Approaches, 4th ed. (Springer-Verlag GmbH Biomedical Sciences, 2010); serves on the speakers' bureau for Athena Diagnostics, Inc.; and receives research support from the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Footnotes

  • Study funding: Supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, and the NIH (R01 NS069719).

  • CMAP
    compound muscle action potential
    CMT
    Charcot-Marie-Tooth
    CMT2C
    Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2C
    HMSN
    hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
    NCV
    nerve conduction velocity
    RFLP
    restriction fragment length polymorphism
    SMA
    spinal muscular atrophy
    SNAP
    sensory nerve action potential
    SPSMA
    scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy

  • Supplemental data at www.neurology.org

  • Received April 9, 2010.
  • Accepted August 19, 2010.

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