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Abstract
Background and Objectives Studies of association between air pollution and incidence of dementia have shown discrepant results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between air pollution and dementia.
Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched and updated in August 2021. Population-based cohort studies that reported on hazard ratio (HR) of dementia in association with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2·5), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or ozone (O3) in those aged >40 years were included. Data were extracted by 2 independent investigators. The main outcome was the pooled HR for dementia per increment of pollutant, calculated using a random-effects model. Results were reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020219036).
Results A total of 20 studies were included in the systematic review, and 17 provided data for the meta-analysis. The total included population was 91,391,296, with 5,521,111 (6%) being diagnosed with dementia. A total of 12, 5, 6, and 4 studies were included in the meta-analyses of PM2·5, NOX, NO2, and O3, respectively. The risk of dementia increased by 3% per 1 μg/m3 increment in PM2·5 (HR, 1.03; 95% CI [1.02–1.05]; I2 = 100%). The association between dementia per 10 μg/m3 increment in NOX (HR, 1.05; 95% CI [0.99–1.13]; I2 = 61%), NO2 (HR, 1.03; 95% CI [1.00–1.07]; I2 = 94%), and O3 levels (HR, 1.01; 95% CI [0.91–1.11]; I2 = 82%) was less clear, although a significant association could not be ruled out, and there was high heterogeneity across studies.
Discussion Existing evidence suggests a significant association between exposure to PM2·5 and incidence of dementia and nonsignificant association between dementia and NOX, NO2, and O3 exposure. However, results should be interpreted in light of the small number of studies and high heterogeneity of effects across studies.
Glossary
- AD=
- Alzheimer disease;
- DALY=
- disability-adjusted life year;
- HR=
- hazard ratio;
- NAD=
- non-Alzheimer dementia;
- NO2=
- nitrogen dioxide;
- NOX=
- nitrogen oxides;
- O3=
- ozone;
- OR=
- odds ratio;
- PM=
- particulate matter;
- RoB=
- risk of bias;
- VaD=
- vascular dementia;
- WHO=
- World Health Organization
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Linda Hershey, MD, PhD, FAAN.
- Received October 5, 2021.
- Accepted in final form August 31, 2022.
- © 2022 American Academy of Neurology
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