Neuroprotection and dopamine agonists

Abstract

Several factors are known to be capable of inducing relatively selective dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra and inducing the clinical features that characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuronal toxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can induce parkinsonism in human and animal models, and rotenone, another specific mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, can induce similar effects in rodents to produce a model for PD. Studies in twins suggest a significant genetic component to young-onset PD, and several gene mutations have now been identified as causing familial autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive PD. Etiologic factors including free radical-mediated damage (including excitotoxicity), mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation-mediated cell damage can contribute to pathogenesis. In addition, the recent interest in protein misfolding, aggregation, and proteosomal activity has provided further insight into potential pathogenetic pathways in PD. Against this background there has been increasing interest in the development of drugs to modify these biochemical abnormalities and thus alter the course of PD, either by retarding the rate of cell death or by restoring function to neurons that are likely to be damaged but not dead. In this context, dopamine agonists have shown significant promise. Not only do these drugs provide symptomatic relief of PD but they also appear to be associated with a significant decrease in the rate of motor complications and to be capable of protecting against some of the adverse consequences of levodopa use. However, evidence is now emerging that dopamine agonists may have additional neuroprotective properties. As a group, they have antioxidant actions in vitro and in vivo. More specifically, the D₂/D₃ dopamine agonist pramipexole may have neuroprotective activity that is, at least in part, unrelated to its dopamine agonist action. Protection in cell and animal models against a variety of toxins, including MPTP and 6-hydroxydopamine, confirms that this agonist has in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective action. Evidence is now emerging that some of this may be mediated by direct action on mitochondrial membrane potential and the inhibition of apoptosis. If the neuroprotective action of this drug is confirmed in patients with PD, this will have important implications for its early use in patients.