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For more than 80 years, researchers and administrators alike have evaluated the prestige and productivity of researchers, institutions, journals, and even nations by counting citations.1 For the past half-century, the impact factor 2 has been the most prominent of these citation metrics. Impact factor is essentially a measure of the average number of citations that a journal’s articles receive over the two calendar years following publication. As a citation metric, impact factor has a number of virtues, not the least of which are that it is simple to describe and easy to calculate.
But there are also drawbacks to the impact factor. In particular, impact factor does not account for differences in prestige among the citing journals3 and does not account for differences in citation patterns within and across disciplines.4 Thus in the impact factor calculation, a citation from Nature is worth no more than a …
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