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Abstract
Background: While neuropsychological deficits have been reported in healthy individuals who use street cannabis, data in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. Given that MS is associated with cognitive deterioration, the aim of this study was to determine the neuropsychological effects of cannabis use in this population.
Methods: Two groups, each of 25 patients with MS (cannabis users and nonusers), were administered the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS battery of neuropsychological tests, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Group-matching and regression analysis were used to control for the effects of age, sex, education, premorbid intelligence, disability, and disease course and duration on cognitive function.
Results: Cannabis users performed significantly more poorly than nonusers on measures of information processing speed, working memory, executive functions, and visuospatial perception. They were also twice as likely as nonusers to be classified as globally cognitively impaired. There were no between-group differences on the HADS measures of depression and anxiety or lifetime SCID-I psychiatric diagnoses.
Conclusion: This cross-sectional study provides empirical evidence that prolonged use of inhaled or ingested street cannabis in patients with MS is associated with poorer performance on cognitive domains commonly affected in this population. Whatever subjective benefits patients may derive from using street cannabis (e.g., pain and spasticity relief) should be weighed against the associated cognitive side effects.
Footnotes
Study funding: Supported by the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada.
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- ANART
- American National Adult Reading Test
- BVMT-R
- Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised
- COWAT
- Controlled Oral Word Association Test
- CVLT-II
- California Verbal Learning Test–Revised
- D-KEFS
- Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
- EDSS
- Expanded Disability Status Scale
- HADS
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
- JLO
- Judgment of Line Orientation
- MACFIMS
- Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS
- MFIS
- Modified Fatigue Impact Scale
- MS
- multiple sclerosis
- PASAT
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
- SDMT
- Symbol Digit Modalities Test
- SCID-I
- Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
- Received August 3, 2010.
- Accepted December 17, 2010.
- Copyright © 2011 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.
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