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Abstract
Objective: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) had been suggested to play a major pathogenetic role in multiple sclerosis (MS), but recent data on early stages of MS have not confirmed this theory. Nonetheless, CCSVI could represent a late phenomenon of MS or be associated with progression of disability. Thus, we studied CCSVI prevalence in primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP) MS, to clarify whether CCSVI characterizes the progressive forms of this disease.
Methods: A total of 35 patients with SPMS, 25 patients with PPMS, and 60 age- and gender-matched normal controls (NC) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study. Extracranial and transcranial high-resolution venous echo color Doppler sonography (ECDS-TCDS) was performed in all patients and NC. Those patients having any abnormal ultrasound finding were asked to undergo selective venography (VGF).
Results: Patients with PPMS (11 women, 14 men; mean age 47 ± 11 years) had a disease duration of 11 ± 7 years and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 6.0 ± 0.5. Patients with SPMS (22 women, 13 men; mean age 45 ± 14.5 years) had a disease duration of 18 ± 14 years and EDSS score of 6.0 ± 0.8. TCDS was normal in all patients. ECDS showed one or more abnormal findings in 9/60 (15.0%) patients (7/35 [20.0%] SPMS, 2/25 [8.0%] PPMS) and in 14/60 (23.3%) NC (p not significant for all comparisons). CCSVI criteria were fulfilled in 0 NC and 4 (6.7%) patients with MS: 3 SPMS and 1 PPMS. VGF, performed in 6/9 patients, was abnormal only in one case who had bilateral internal jugular vein stenosis.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that CCSVI is not a late secondary phenomenon of MS and is not associated with disability.
GLOSSARY
- BPf=
- brain parenchyma fraction;
- BV=
- basal vein of Rosenthal;
- CCSVI=
- chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency;
- CIS=
- clinically isolated syndrome;
- CSA=
- cross-sectional area;
- ECDS=
- extracranial color Doppler sonography;
- EDSS=
- Expanded Disability Status Scale;
- FFE=
- fast field echo;
- FLAIR=
- fluid-attenuated inversion recovery;
- GM=
- gray matter;
- GMf=
- gray matter fraction;
- IgG=
- immunoglobulin G;
- IJV=
- internal jugular vein;
- MS=
- multiple sclerosis;
- NC=
- normal control;
- PP=
- primary progressive;
- SP=
- secondary progressive;
- T2-WMLV=
- T2 white matter lesion volume;
- TCDS=
- transcranial color Doppler sonography;
- TIV=
- total intracranial volume;
- TS=
- transverse sinus;
- VG=
- vein of Galen;
- VGF=
- venography;
- VV=
- vertebral vein;
- WM=
- white matter
Footnotes
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Supplemental data at www.neurology.org
- Received January 14, 2011.
- Accepted May 13, 2011.
- Copyright © 2011 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.
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