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March 27, 2012; 78 (13) Views and Reviews

Fixing the broken system of genetic locus symbols

Parkinson disease and dystonia as examples

Connie Marras, Katja Lohmann, Anthony Lang, Christine Klein
First published March 26, 2012, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824d58ab
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Christine Klein
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Fixing the broken system of genetic locus symbols
Parkinson disease and dystonia as examples
Connie Marras, Katja Lohmann, Anthony Lang, Christine Klein
Neurology Mar 2012, 78 (13) 1016-1024; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824d58ab

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Abstract

Originally, locus symbols (e.g., DYT1) were introduced to specify chromosomal regions that had been linked to a familial disorder with a yet unknown gene. Symbols were systematically assigned in a numerical series to designate mapped loci for a specific phenotype or group of phenotypes. Since the system of designating and using locus symbols was originally established, both our knowledge and our techniques of gene discovery have evolved substantially. The current system has problems that are sources of confusion, perpetuate misinformation, and misrepresent the system as a useful reference tool for a list of inherited disorders of a particular phenotypic class. These include erroneously assigned loci, duplicated loci, missing symbols, missing loci, unconfirmed loci in a consecutively numbered system, combining causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we describe these problems and their impact, and propose solutions. The system could be significantly improved by creating distinct lists for clinical and research purposes, creating more informative locus symbols, distinguishing disease-causing mutations from risk factors, raising the threshold of evidence prior to assigning a locus symbol, paying strict attention to the predominant phenotype when assigning symbols lists, and having a formal system for reviewing and continually revising the list that includes input from both clinical and genetics experts.

GLOSSARY

HGNC=
Human Genome Organisation Gene Nomenclature Committee;
PD=
Parkinson disease

Footnotes

  • Study funding: Dr. Connie Marras is supported by a new investigator award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr. Klein is a recipient of a career development award from the Volkswagen Foundation and from the Hermann and Lilly Schilling Foundation.

  • Received June 29, 2011.
  • Accepted November 4, 2011.
  • Copyright © 2012 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • GLOSSARY
    • HISTORY AND CURRENT USE OF LOCUS SYMBOL
    • PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES
    • DISEASE-CAUSING GENE OR RISK FACTOR?
    • THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHENOTYPE AND LIST MEMBERSHIP
    • MISSING LOCUS SYMBOLS
    • UNCONFIRMED LINKAGE OR GENE IDENTIFICATION
    • ERRONEOUS LINKAGE
    • MISSING GENE LOCUS
    • DUPLICATION OF LOCI
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
    • HOW TO EFFECT CHANGE?
    • PERSPECTIVES
    • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
    • DISCLOSURE
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Disclosures
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Topics Discussed

  • All Genetics
  • Dystonia
  • Parkinson's disease/Parkinsonism

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