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September 03, 2013; 81 (10) Article

Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease

Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

Sevil Yasar, Jin Xia, Wenliang Yao, Curt D. Furberg, Qian-Li Xue, Carla I. Mercado, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Linda P. Fried, Claudia H. Kawas, Kaycee M. Sink, Jeff D. Williamson, Steven T. DeKosky, Michelle C. Carlson, For the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators
First published August 2, 2013, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a35228
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Article Information

vol. 81 no. 10 896-903
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a35228
PubMed: 
23911756
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received January 8, 2013
  • Accepted in final form April 22, 2013
  • First Published August 2, 2013.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2013 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Sevil Yasar, MD, PhD,
    2. Jin Xia, MS,
    3. Wenliang Yao, PhD,
    4. Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD,
    5. Qian-Li Xue, PhD,
    6. Carla I. Mercado, PhD,
    7. Annette L. Fitzpatrick, PhD,
    8. Linda P. Fried, MD,
    9. Claudia H. Kawas, MD,
    10. Kaycee M. Sink, MD,
    11. Jeff D. Williamson, MD,
    12. Steven T. DeKosky, MD,
    13. Michelle C. Carlson, PhD;
    14. For the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators
  1. Sevil Yasar, MD, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Consultant for Charles River Laboratories (2011-12)

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH grants -# 1U01AT00016207, Co-Investigator, 9/30/1999-7/31/2010 -# P30AG021334, Pilot grant, PI, 7/1/2010-6/30/2011 -# DA10013, JHU site PI 8/1/2011-7/30/2012

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. John A. Hartford Foundation, 2010-2011 Nathan Shock Memorial Fund 2012-2013

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Jin Xia, MS,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Wenliang Yao, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. American Journal of Hypertension. Member of the Board

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Fundamentals of CLinical Trials Springer, 2010

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. Expert witness for plaintiff Fosamax, Chantix, Celebrex, Vytorin and Yasmin

  5. Qian-Li Xue, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NIA 5T35AG026758-08 Role: Co-Investigator 06/01/05-04/30/15 NIA/NIH R01AG040100 Role: Co-Investigator 06/01/11-05/31/16 Canadian Institutes of Health Research 313601 Universite De Sherbrooke Role: PI on JHU Subcontract 05/01/12-04/30/13 NIH/NIA P30AG021334 Role: Co-leader of Biostatistics Core 06/01/08-05/31/13 NIH/NIA 1R03AG041992-01 Role: P.I., 15% 04/01/12-03/31/14 NIH/NIA 1R01DK082722 Role: Co-investigator, 10% 09/15/09-08/31/14 HRSA 5D01HP08789 Role: Co-Investigator 7/1/07-6/30/15 NIH/NIA R37AG19905 Role: Co-investigator 09/30/01-08/31/11 NIH/NIA PO1 AG027735 Role: Co-Investigator 07/01/06-06/30/12

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Carla I. Mercado, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH grants #U01AT00162, #MH081757, and NIH/NHLBI-HC-08-10

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Annette L. Fitzpatrick, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 2009, funding to travel to Hyderabad, India, to participate in a conference by the conference sponsor: South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Studies (SaciWATERS).

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Honoraria for participating in NIH study section/grant reviews, 5 completed in 2012; 2 completed thus far in 2013.

    Consultancies:

    1. Grant review for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2012.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. ACTIVE 03-2013 ACTIVE R01AT006668-01 Fitzpatrick 01/01/11- 02/28/14 1.2 CMs (10%) NIH/NCCAM Domains of Inflammation and Risk of Dementia This is an ancillary study to the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study which proposes to analyze baseline and longitudinal serum markers of inflammation in association with dementia and Alzheimer's disease risk. The inflammatory biomarkers have been selected to represent specific “domains” or pathways that lead to cognitive decline. Dr. Fitzpatrick will PI of this study. 1R21HL104317 - 01A1 Fitzpatrick 04/01/11-05/31/13 1.8 CMs (15%) NIH/NHLBI Epigenetics and Nutrition: DNA Methylation, Dietary Intake and Cardiovascular Disease This study will analyze associations between DNA methylation of specified genes and risk of cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke, using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). The influence of dietary intake from a food frequency questionnaire on these associations will also be examined. Dr. Fitzpatrick will be PI of this study. 5U48DP001911-02 Snowden and Fitzpatrick 10/01/10-09/30/13 1.8 CMs (15%) CDC Examining the Impact of Cognitive Impairment and Co-Occurring Chronic Conditions (SIP-37) Three phases of this study will be implemented to assess associations between dementia/cognitive impairment and its impact on comorbidities. These include (1) a literature search to identify gaps in research on co-occurring chronic conditions associated with cognitive impairment; (2) a health inventory of studies and databases that may be utilized for addressing this topic; and (3) development of one or more manuscripts addressing gaps in knowledge accessing one (or more) of the identified databases. Dr. Fitzpatrick is Co-PI of this study ancillary to the UW Health Promotion Research Center. R01 HL080295 Psaty 06/01/05- 05/31/14 1.8 CM (15%) NIH/NHLBI CHS Events Follow-up Study This study will continue to follow the remaining participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) to examine the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in adults 65 years and older. Dr. Fitzpatrick is a co-investigator on the project and oversees events collection at the CHS Coordinating Center. NHLBIHC-12-11 Kronmal & Arnold 01/01/12- 12/31/15 0.6 CM (5%) NIH/NHLBI CHS Core Support Renewal This is to provide continued support for core functions of the Cardiovascular Health Study with the aim to provide sufficient support to the Coordinating Center and study investigators to promote continued use of the study resources. The objectives are 1) to facilitate continued access to study resources and expertise by investigators new to CHS; 2) to promote ongoing and future scientific productivity, collaboration, and mentorship of early career investigators; 3) to provide analytic support to existing CHS working groups; and 4) to facilitate establishment of a new Health Outcomes Research Working Group. NHLBI-HC-95159 Kronmal & McClelland 01/15/1999-08/14/2015 1.2 CM (10%) NIH/NHLBI Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) - Coordinating Center This is a renewal of the current MESA contract, which is a national study to identify risk factors for subclinical CVD and to explore the transition from subclinical to overt CVD, focusing on prevention of the latter. Dr. Fitzpatrick is co-investigator working on the Events subcommittees and leading efforts in cognition. R01 MH081757 Rogers (Fitzpatrick) 08/01/07- 07/31/13 1.2 CM (10%) NIH/NIA (subcontract) A Multi-Site Randomized Study of Intensive Treatment for Toddlers with Autism This subcontract proposes to administer all data coordination and management of a multi-site randomized controlled trial to evaluate an early intervention in young children with autism. Dr. Fitzpatrick is PI of a subcontract from Dr. Sally Rogers at UC-Davis. 1R03AG37790-01A1 Vitaliano 09/01/11-08/31/13 0.36 CM NIH/NIA Stress, Life Events, Psychophysiological Mediators and Cognitive Decline This is an ancillary study to the Cardiovascular Health Study evaluating associations between stressful life event in cohort participants and subsequent decline in cognition using evaluations completed to determine dementia status in the study. Dr.. Fitzpatrick is a co-investigator in this study.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 2005-present Use of Proteomic Patterns to Identify Cancer and Cognitive Decline. National Cancer Institute, Subcontract to Christopher Li, PI (1R01 CA116393 01). Role: PI of Subcontract (5%). 2007-present The Early Steps Study: A Multi-Site Randomized Study of Intensive Treatment for Toddlers with Autism R01 MH081757, R01 funded by NIMH, NIH. Subcontract to University of California, Davis; Sally Rogers (PI). Role: PI of Data Coordinating Center (20%). 2008-present The Nepal Heart Health Pilot Study. University of Washington Royalty Research Fund. Role: PI (5%). 1999-present Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Clinical Trial, 1 U01 AT00162, subcontract to University of Pittsburgh (S. DeKosky, PI). Position: Data Coordinating Center Project Director, Co-Investigator (20% FTE).

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Linda P. Fried, MD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Employed by nonprofit university: Columbia University, Dean and DeLamar Professor of Public Health

    Consultancies:

    1. Sanofi-Aventis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Sanofi-Aventis (consulting)

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Institute on Aging, 1U01AG032947-01, Subcontract PI (prime: Johns Hopkins, University), 9/30/08-8/31/2011 (2) National Institute on Aging, 5R37AG019905-10, PI, 9/1/10-8/31/12 (3) National Institute on Aging, 5P01AG027735-05, Subcontract PI (prime: Johns Hopkins University), 8/01/08-6/30/12

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Claudia H. Kawas, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Quintiles, Inc., Data Monitoring Committee

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Kaycee M. Sink, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Serve on the data safety monitoring board for 2 NIH funded clinical trials: A) Multisite randomized controlled trial of continuing vs. discontinuing statins and B) Comparative Effectivess Research Trial of Alzheimer's Disease Drug: COMET-AD

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. NIH (NCCAM) covered travel expenses to present at the NCCAM Advisory Council Meeting (2013).

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Employed full time by Wake Forest School of Medicine

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Was the site PI for a multicenter trial sponsored by Danone Research

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH grants NS075107-01, NHLBI-HC-09-04, AG024904-06, AG022376, AG10483, NHLBI WH-11-10, HHSN271-2011-00004C

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Investigator initiated grants from the Alzheimer's Association and the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Jeff D. Williamson, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Wake Forest University

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institutes of Health: NIH/NIA P30 AG21332 Clinical Core PI NIH P60-AG10484 Investigator AT000162-0o Clinical Coordinating Center Co-PI UO1 AG022376 Cognition Center PI 1 R01 NS058700-01A1 Investigator U01 AG10483 INvestigator HHSN268200900040C Coordinating Center Co-PI 1UO1AG029824-01A2 Investigator HSN 27100023C Coordinating Center PI HHSN2682011 Coordinating Center PI

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. John A. Hartford Foundation Donald W. Reynolds Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Steven T. DeKosky, MD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM): Chair, CREST-E Trial DSMB

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 1. Annals of Neurology, Editorial Board 2001-present 2. Archives of Neurology, Editorial Board, 2006-present 3. Neurodegenerative Diseases, Editorial Board, 2002- present 4. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Editorial Board, 2002- 2007 5. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders: An International Journal; Editorial Board 1993-present 6. Up to Date; Editor; 2008-present 7. Neurotherapeutics: Editorial Board, 2011-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Janssen Pharmaceuticals 2. Genzyme, Inc. 3. Helicon Therapeutics

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. 1. Site Principal Investigator(PI) for clinical trial: Baxter 2. Site PI for clinical trial: Janssen/Pfizer/Johnson & Johnson 3. Site PI for experimental Alzheimer drug: Pfizer 4. Site PI for experimental Alzheimer drug: Novartis

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. NIA AG14449; PI, then CoI, 2007-2012 2. NINDS NS30318; PI, then CoI, 2000-2011 3. NIA AG05133; PI, then CoI, 1995-present 4. NCCAM AT00162; PI, 1999-2010 5. National Advisory Council; member National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2010-present 6. National Advisory Council, Council of Councils, NIH, 2013-present

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Michelle C. Carlson, PhD;
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. For the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators
  1. From The Johns Hopkins University (S.Y., J.X., W.Y., Q.-L.X., L.P.F., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; Wake Forest School of Medicine (C.D.F., K.M.S., J.D.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Washington (C.I.M., A.L.F.), Seattle; Columbia University (L.P.F.), New York; University of California (C.H.K., S.T.D.), Irvine; University of Pittsburgh (C.H.K., S.T.D.), PA; and University of Virginia (S.T.D.), Charlottesville.
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Yasar: syasar1{at}jhmi.edu
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