Abstract
Objective: To make evidence-based recommendations regarding management of tardive syndromes (TDS), including tardive dyskinesias (TDD), by addressing 5 questions: 1) Is withdrawal of dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) an effective TDS treatment? 2) Does switching from typical to atypical DRBAs reduce TDS symptoms? 3) What is the efficacy of pharmacologic agents in treating TDS? 4) Do patients with TDS benefit from chemodenervation with botulinum toxin? 5) Do patients with TDS benefit from surgical therapy?
Methods: PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched (1966–2011). Articles were classified according to a 4-tiered evidence-rating scheme; recommendations were tied to the evidence.
Results and recommendations: Clonazepam probably improves TDD and ginkgo biloba probably improves TDS (both Level B); both should be considered as treatment. Risperidone may improve TDS but cannot be recommended as treatment because neuroleptics may cause TDS despite masking symptoms. Amantadine and tetrabenazine might be considered as TDS treatment (Level C). Diltiazem should not be considered as TDD treatment (Level B); galantamine and eicosapentaenoic acid may not be considered as treatment (Level C). Data are insufficient to support or refute use of acetazolamide, bromocriptine, thiamine, baclofen, vitamin E, vitamin B6, selegiline, clozapine, olanzapine, melatonin, nifedipine, fluperlapine, sulpiride, flupenthixol, thiopropazate, haloperidol, levetiracetam, quetiapine, ziprasidone, sertindole, aripiprazole, buspirone, yi-gan san, biperiden discontinuation, botulinum toxin type A, electroconvulsive therapy, α-methyldopa, reserpine, and pallidal deep brain stimulation as TDS treatments (Level U). Data are insufficient to support or refute TDS treatment by withdrawing causative agents or switching from typical to atypical DRBA (Level U).
GLOSSARY
- AAN=
- American Academy of Neurology;
- AIMS=
- Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale;
- BoNT=
- botulinum toxin;
- DBS=
- deep brain stimulation;
- DRBA=
- dopamine receptor blocking agent;
- EPA=
- eicosapentaenoic acid;
- GABA=
- γ-aminobutyric acid;
- RCT=
- randomized controlled trial;
- TBZ=
- tetrabenazine;
- TD=
- tardive dystonia;
- TDD=
- tardive dyskinesia;
- TDS=
- tardive syndrome
Footnotes
↵† Deceased.
Approved by the Guideline Development Subcommittee on January 21, 2012; by the Practice Committee on October 1, 2012; and by the AAN Board of Directors on April 25, 2013.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Supplemental data at www.neurology.org
- Received October 5, 2012.
- Accepted in final form April 22, 2013.
- © 2013 American Academy of Neurology
Disputes & Debates: Rapid online correspondence
- Reply from the guideline authors
- Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of tardive syndromes Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
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