July 30, 2013; 81 (5) Views & Reviews
Imaging markers for Alzheimer disease
Which vs how
Giovanni B. Frisoni, Martina Bocchetta, Gael Chételat, Gil D. Rabinovici, Mony J. de Leon, Jeffrey Kaye, Eric M. Reiman, Philip Scheltens, Frederik Barkhof, Sandra E. Black, David J. Brooks, Maria C. Carrillo, Nick C. Fox, Karl Herholz, Agneta Nordberg, Clifford R. Jack, William J. Jagust, Keith A. Johnson, Christopher C. Rowe, Reisa A. Sperling, William Thies, Lars-Olof Wahlund, Michael W. Weiner, Patrizio Pasqualetti, Charles DeCarli, For ISTAART's NeuroImaging Professional Interest Area
First published July 29, 2013, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829d86e8
Giovanni B. Frisoni
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Martina Bocchetta
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Gael Chételat
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Gil D. Rabinovici
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Mony J. de Leon
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Jeffrey Kaye
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Eric M. Reiman
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Philip Scheltens
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Frederik Barkhof
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Sandra E. Black
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
David J. Brooks
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Maria C. Carrillo
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Nick C. Fox
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Karl Herholz
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Agneta Nordberg
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Clifford R. Jack Jr
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
William J. Jagust
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Keith A. Johnson
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Christopher C. Rowe
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Reisa A. Sperling
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
William Thies
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Lars-Olof Wahlund
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Michael W. Weiner
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Patrizio Pasqualetti
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Charles DeCarli
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
From the LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine) (G.B.F., M.B.), IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy; INSERM (G.C.), U1077, Caen; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.C.), UMR-S1077, Caen; CHU de Caen (G.C.), U1077, Caen, France; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology (G.D.R.), University of California, San Francisco (C.D., M.W.W.); New York University School of Medicine (M.J.d.L.), Center for Brain Health, New York, NY; Oregon Health & Science University (J.K.), Portland; the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.K.); Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center (P.S.), and Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Netherlands; Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.E.B.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain Sciences (D.J.B.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Aarhus University (D.J.B.), Denmark; Medical & Scientific Relations (M.C.C., W.T.), Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL; University College London Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (K.H.), Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Karolinska Institutet (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Alzheimer Neurobiology Center (A.N.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN; School of Public Health & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Nuclear Medicine (C.C.R.), Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (L.-O.W.), NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.); SeSMIT (Service for Medical Statistics and Information Technology) (P.P.), AFaR (Fatebenefratelli Association for Research), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome; and Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology (P.P.), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
Imaging markers for Alzheimer disease
Which vs how
Giovanni B. Frisoni, Martina Bocchetta, Gael Chételat, Gil D. Rabinovici, Mony J. de Leon, Jeffrey Kaye, Eric M. Reiman, Philip Scheltens, Frederik Barkhof, Sandra E. Black, David J. Brooks, Maria C. Carrillo, Nick C. Fox, Karl Herholz, Agneta Nordberg, Clifford R. Jack, William J. Jagust, Keith A. Johnson, Christopher C. Rowe, Reisa A. Sperling, William Thies, Lars-Olof Wahlund, Michael W. Weiner, Patrizio Pasqualetti, Charles DeCarli, For ISTAART's NeuroImaging Professional Interest Area
Neurology Jul 2013, 81 (5) 487-500; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829d86e8
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Abstract
Revised diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer disease (AD) acknowledge a key role of imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy depends on which marker (i.e., amyloid imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]-PET, SPECT, MRI) as well as how it is measured (“metric”: visual, manual, semiautomated, or automated segmentation/computation). We evaluated diagnostic accuracy of marker vs metric in separating AD from healthy and prognostic accuracy to predict progression in mild cognitive impairment. The outcome measure was positive (negative) likelihood ratio, LR+ (LR−), defined as the ratio between the probability of positive (negative) test outcome in patients and the probability of positive (negative) test outcome in healthy controls. Diagnostic LR+ of markers was between 4.4 and 9.4 and LR− between 0.25 and 0.08, whereas prognostic LR+ and LR− were between 1.7 and 7.5, and 0.50 and 0.11, respectively. Within metrics, LRs varied up to 100-fold: LR+ from approximately 1 to 100; LR− from approximately 1.00 to 0.01. Markers accounted for 11% and 18% of diagnostic and prognostic variance of LR+ and 16% and 24% of LR−. Across all markers, metrics accounted for an equal or larger amount of variance than markers: 13% and 62% of diagnostic and prognostic variance of LR+, and 29% and 18% of LR−. Within markers, the largest proportion of diagnostic LR+ and LR− variability was within 18F-FDG-PET and MRI metrics, respectively. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of imaging AD biomarkers is at least as dependent on how the biomarker is measured as on the biomarker itself. Standard operating procedures are key to biomarker use in the clinical routine and drug trials.
GLOSSARY
- AA=
- Alzheimer's Association;
- AD=
- Alzheimer disease;
- ANOVA=
- analysis of variance;
- FDG=
- fluorodeoxyglucose;
- ISTAART=
- International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatments;
- LR=
- likelihood ratio;
- MCI=
- mild cognitive impairment;
- NIA=
- National Institute on Aging;
- NINCDS-ADRDA=
- National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association;
- npMCI=
- nonprogressed mild cognitive impairment;
- pMCI=
- progressed mild cognitive impairment;
- sc-SPM=
- single-case statistical parametric mapping;
- SOP=
- standard operating procedure
Footnotes
ISTAART's NeuroImaging Professional Interest Area contributors are listed on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Supplemental data at www.neurology.org
- Received November 20, 2012.
- Accepted in final form April 12, 2013.
- © 2013 American Academy of Neurology
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