April 08, 2014; 82 (14) Article
GABRA1 and STXBP1: Novel genetic causes of Dravet syndrome
Gemma L. Carvill, Sarah Weckhuysen, Jacinta M. McMahon, Corinna Hartmann, Rikke S. Møller, Helle Hjalgrim, Joseph Cook, Eileen Geraghty, Brian J. O’Roak, Steve Petrou, Alison Clarke, Deepak Gill, Lynette G. Sadleir, Hiltrud Muhle, Sarah von Spiczak, Marina Nikanorova, Bree L. Hodgson, Elena V. Gazina, Arvid Suls, Jay Shendure, Leanne M. Dibbens, Peter De Jonghe, Ingo Helbig, Samuel F. Berkovic, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Heather C. Mefford
First published March 12, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000291
Gemma L. Carvill
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Sarah Weckhuysen
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Jacinta M. McMahon
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Corinna Hartmann
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Rikke S. Møller
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Helle Hjalgrim
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Joseph Cook
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Eileen Geraghty
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Brian J. O’Roak
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Steve Petrou
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Alison Clarke
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Deepak Gill
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Lynette G. Sadleir
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Hiltrud Muhle
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Sarah von Spiczak
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Marina Nikanorova
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Bree L. Hodgson
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Elena V. Gazina
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Arvid Suls
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Jay Shendure
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Leanne M. Dibbens
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Peter De Jonghe
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Ingo Helbig
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Samuel F. Berkovic
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Ingrid E. Scheffer
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
Heather C. Mefford
From the Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., C.H., J.C., E.G., H.C.M.), and the Department of Genome Sciences (J.S.), University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (S.W., A.S., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe (S.W.), Oosterhout, the Netherlands; Epilepsy Research Centre (J.M.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neuropediatrics (C.H., H.M., S.v.S., I.H.), University Medical Center, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany; Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., H.H., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (H.H., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics (B.J.O.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Florey Institute (S.P., A.C., E.V.G., I.E.S.), Victoria; TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (L.G.S.), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Epilepsy Research Program (B.L.H., L.M.D.), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Division of Neurology (P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; and the Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
GABRA1 and STXBP1: Novel genetic causes of Dravet syndrome
Gemma L. Carvill, Sarah Weckhuysen, Jacinta M. McMahon, Corinna Hartmann, Rikke S. Møller, Helle Hjalgrim, Joseph Cook, Eileen Geraghty, Brian J. O’Roak, Steve Petrou, Alison Clarke, Deepak Gill, Lynette G. Sadleir, Hiltrud Muhle, Sarah von Spiczak, Marina Nikanorova, Bree L. Hodgson, Elena V. Gazina, Arvid Suls, Jay Shendure, Leanne M. Dibbens, Peter De Jonghe, Ingo Helbig, Samuel F. Berkovic, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Heather C. Mefford
Neurology Apr 2014, 82 (14) 1245-1253; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000291
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Abstract
Objective: To determine the genes underlying Dravet syndrome in patients who do not have an SCN1A mutation on routine testing.
Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing in 13 SCN1A-negative patients with Dravet syndrome and targeted resequencing in 67 additional patients to identify new genes for this disorder.
Results: We detected disease-causing mutations in 2 novel genes for Dravet syndrome, with mutations in GABRA1 in 4 cases and STXBP1 in 3. Furthermore, we identified 3 patients with previously undetected SCN1A mutations, suggesting that SCN1A mutations occur in even more than the currently accepted ∼75% of cases.
Conclusions: We show that GABRA1 and STXBP1 make a significant contribution to Dravet syndrome after SCN1A abnormalities have been excluded. Our results have important implications for diagnostic testing, clinical management, and genetic counseling of patients with this devastating disorder and their families.
GLOSSARY
- cDNA=
- complementary DNA;
- dHPLC=
- denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography;
- FS=
- febrile seizures;
- GABA=
- γ-aminobutyric acid;
- GEFS+=
- genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus;
- WES=
- whole-exome sequencing;
- WT=
- wild-type
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Supplemental data at Neurology.org
- Received September 11, 2013.
- Accepted in final form January 2, 2014.
- © 2014 American Academy of Neurology
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