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April 15, 2014; 82 (15) Article

Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in middle age

The CARDIA Study

Na Zhu, David R. Jacobs, Pamela J. Schreiner, Kristine Yaffe, Nick Bryan, Lenore J. Launer, Rachel A. Whitmer, Stephen Sidney, Ellen Demerath, William Thomas, Claude Bouchard, Ka He, Jared Reis, Barbara Sternfeld
First published April 2, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000310
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Article Information

vol. 82 no. 15 1339-1346
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000310
PubMed: 
24696506
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received July 26, 2013
  • Accepted in final form January 13, 2014
  • First Published April 2, 2014.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2014 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Na Zhu, MD, MPH,
    2. David R. Jacobs Jr, PhD,
    3. Pamela J. Schreiner, PhD,
    4. Kristine Yaffe, MD,
    5. Nick Bryan, MD, PhD,
    6. Lenore J. Launer, PhD,
    7. Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD,
    8. Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH,
    9. Ellen Demerath, PhD,
    10. William Thomas, PhD,
    11. Claude Bouchard, PhD,
    12. Ka He, MD, ScD,
    13. Jared Reis, PhD and
    14. Barbara Sternfeld, PhD
  1. Na Zhu, MD, MPH,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. editorial board member for Global Journal of Health Science

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Contracts HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300029C, and HHSN268200900041C from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging; grant for the CARDIA fitness study R01 HL 078972

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. David R. Jacobs Jr, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1) Scientific Advisory Board, California Walnut Commission 2) Data Safety Monitoring Board, Walnuts and Healthy Aging study, sponsore by the California Walnut Commission

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Clinical Chemistry, Editorial advisory board member

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Consultant, California Walnut Commission

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Multiple (usually >10) R01 grants and contracts from the National Institutes of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Pamela J. Schreiner, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. The research study was funded by NHLBI/NIH, N01-HC-48048, Minneapolis field center. I have been the Principal Investigator of CARDIA since 1994.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Kristine Yaffe, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. -Novartis, Inc. - Pfizer -DSMB for Takeda, Inc -DSMB for NIH trials - Beeson Advisory Scientific Committee

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. -Associate Editor, 2011-, International Review of Psychiatry -Associate Editor 2012-, Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH, NIA, NIDDK, NIMH, Department of Defense, California Department of Public Health

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Bright Focus Foundation and Alzheimer Association's

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Nick Bryan, MD, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Radiology, Assoc. Editor 1 year Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Editorial Board, 5 years Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology, Editorial Board, 5 years Academic Radiology, Editorial Exec Comm. 6 years Science Translational Medicine, Advisory Board, 2 yrs

    Patents:

    1. Provisional patent application claiming: A method for obtaining a probabilistic diagnosis of a patient, the method comprising: scanning some or all of a patient to obtain a medical image; identifying one or more designated key features in the medical image; assigning discrete values to the one or more designated key features in the patient scan key feature pattern to form a patient scan key feature pattern; and transmitting the patient scan key feature pattern to a processor programmed to match the patient scan key feature pattern to one or more known disease specific key feature patterns to create a probabilistic diagnosis; and transmitting the probabilistic diagnosis to a user.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Introduction to the Science of Medical Imaging, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. Past Chairman, Radiology Department, multiple MR units, 100 % T and E.

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH NO1-HC-95178, Sub Contract PI, 4 years NIH N01-WH-4-4221, Sub Contract PI, 4 years

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. RadDx, CEO

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Lenore J. Launer, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Employee, 1999-present

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institue of Health

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Kaiser Permanente Community Benefits

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. All Non-Profit Entities: 1.External Scientific Advisory Cmtee for MESA Air Study 2.National Forum for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention 3.GRADE DSMB 4.NHLBI CVD Surveillance Workgroup

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. All Non-Profit Entries: 1.External Scientific Advisory Cmtee for MESA Air Study 2.National Forum for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention 3.FDA Guest Speaker Review Committee Dec 2011 4.GRADE DSMB 5.NHLBI CVD Surveillance Workgroup

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. The Permanente Medical Group

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Funded as principal investigator on NHLBI Contract N01 HC-48050 12/30/83 - 9/30/13; Funded as principal investigator on NINDS U54NS081760 10/1/12-9/30/17; Funded as co-investigator on NINDS U54NS081760 10/1/12-9/30/17; Funded as co-investigator on NHLBI/Wake Forest Univ. R01 HL098445 WFUHS 10344 4/1/10-3/31/14; Funded as co-investigator on NIDDK/ GHRI R01DK092317 10/1/12-9/30/16; Funded as co-investigator on AHA/UCSF 12 EIA 9130050 A119064 1/1/12-12/31/14

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Ellen Demerath, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. COSMED, INC

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH, N01 HC55019, Co-I, 2010-2016 NIH, DK053685, PI, 2007-2012 NIH, N01 HV048048, Co-I 2008-2013 NIH, R01 HD012252 (Subcontract PI) 2010-2016 NIH, U01 HL103621, Co-I, 2010 - 2017

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. William Thomas, PhD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (2) DSMB for American Medical Systems/Endo (3) DSMB for University of Western States

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, reimbursement for travel to meetings in Washington DC

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. MedImmune, LLC

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIH/NIDDK DC005974 (2) NIH 1 T15 HL117414-01

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. American Diabetes Association 1-11-CT-06

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Claude Bouchard, PhD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1)Weight Watchers (2) Nike (3) Pathway Genomics (4) PepsiCo/Gatorade

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. (1) University of Miami, speaker honorarium and travel, (2) The Physiological Society, travel, (3) American College of Medical Genetics, speaker honorarium and travel, (4) Laval University, travel, (5) Nike, travel, (6) University of Ottawa, travel, (7) Brazilian Symposium on Genetics and Sports, travel, (8) ICSEMIS, travel, (9) Pathway Genomics, travel, (10) Texas ACSM Chapter, travel, (11) American Physiological Society, travel, (12) East Carolina University, speaker honorarium and travel, (13) University of Memphis, speaker honorarium and travel, (14) ECCS, travel, (15) Columbia University, travel, (16) University of Georgia, speaker honorarium and travel, (17), International Society for Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, travel, (18) Gatorade, travel

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Journal of Internal Medicine, Editorial Board Member

    Patents:

    1. (1) Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Exercise

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. (1) Handbook of Obesity, Informa Healthcare, 2008, (2) Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, Elsevier, 2012, (3) Physical Activity and Obesity, Human Kinetics, 2010, (4) Genetics of Fitness and Physical Performance, Human Kinetics, 1997, (5) Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics, 2003, (6) Physical Activity and Health, Human Kinetics, 2013

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. (1) King Faisal International Prize in Medicine, reviewer

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Institutes of Health, HERITAGE Family Study, HL-45670, HL-47323, HL-47317, HL-47327, and HL-47321, PI and co-PI, 1992-2013, (2) European Union, METAPREDICT, Grant 277936, 2012 to 2015

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Prince Faisal Bin Fahad International Prize for Arab Sport Development Research

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Ka He, MD, ScD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH R01ES021735, Study trace elements and stroke, 2012

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. American Cancer Society, RSGT-08-094-CPPB

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Jared Reis, PhD and
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Barbara Sternfeld, PhD
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. NHLBI, CARDIA, co-investigator, 1985-2012 2. NIA, SWAN, co-investigator, 2012-13 3. NIA, MsFLASH, PI of clinical site, 2012-13 sorry, don't have grant numbers handy

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Divisions of Epidemiology (N.Z., D.R.J., P.J.S., E.D.) and Biostatistics (W.T.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, Norway; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Radiology (N.B.), University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Division of Research (R.A.W., S.S., B.S.), Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, CA; Human Genomics Laboratory (C.B.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department (K.H.), Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (J.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD.
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Jacobs: Jacob004{at}umn.edu
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Disputes & Debates: Rapid online correspondence

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