July 15, 2014; 83 (3) Views & ReviewsOpen Access
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis
The 2013 revisions
Fred D. Lublin, Stephen C. Reingold, Jeffrey A. Cohen, Gary R. Cutter, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Alan J. Thompson, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Laura J. Balcer, Brenda Banwell, Frederik Barkhof, Bruce Bebo, Peter A. Calabresi, Michel Clanet, Giancarlo Comi, Robert J. Fox, Mark S. Freedman, Andrew D. Goodman, Matilde Inglese, Ludwig Kappos, Bernd C. Kieseier, John A. Lincoln, Catherine Lubetzki, Aaron E. Miller, Xavier Montalban, Paul W. O'Connor, John Petkau, Carlo Pozzilli, Richard A. Rudick, Maria Pia Sormani, Olaf Stüve, Emmanuelle Waubant, Chris H. Polman
First published May 28, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560
Fred D. Lublin
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Stephen C. Reingold
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Jeffrey A. Cohen
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Gary R. Cutter
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Per Soelberg Sørensen
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Alan J. Thompson
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Jerry S. Wolinsky
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Laura J. Balcer
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Brenda Banwell
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Frederik Barkhof
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Bruce Bebo
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Peter A. Calabresi
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Michel Clanet
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Giancarlo Comi
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Robert J. Fox
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Mark S. Freedman
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Andrew D. Goodman
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Matilde Inglese
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Ludwig Kappos
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Bernd C. Kieseier
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
John A. Lincoln
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Catherine Lubetzki
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Aaron E. Miller
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Xavier Montalban
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Paul W. O'Connor
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
John Petkau
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Carlo Pozzilli
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Richard A. Rudick
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Maria Pia Sormani
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Olaf Stüve
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Emmanuelle Waubant
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Chris H. Polman
From the Corinne Goldsmith Dickenson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (F.D.L., A.E.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC (S.C.R.), Salisbury, CT; The Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (J.A.C., R.J.F., R.A.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; the Department of Biostatistics (G.R.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.S.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; University College London Institute of Neurology (A.J.T.), UK; the Department of Neurology (J.S.W., J.A.L.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston; the Department of Neurology (L.J.B.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; the Division of Neurology (B. Banwell), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.) and Neurology (C.H.P.), VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Programs Department (B. Bebo), National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (P.A.C.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Fédération de Neurologie (M.C.), CHU Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neurology (G.C.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Canada; the Department of Neurology (A.D.G.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; the Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience (M.I.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; the Department of Neurology (B.C.K.), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; the Department of Neurology (C.L.), Salpêtrière Hospital, UPMC, Paris, France; the Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; the Division of Neurology (P.W.O.), St Michael's Hospital, Toronto; the Department of Statistics (J.P.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (C.P.), Sapienza University, Rome; the Unit of Biostatistics (M.P.S.), Health Sciences Department, Genoa, Italy; the Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas; and the Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis
Fred D. Lublin, Stephen C. Reingold, Jeffrey A. Cohen, Gary R. Cutter, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Alan J. Thompson, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Laura J. Balcer, Brenda Banwell, Frederik Barkhof, Bruce Bebo, Peter A. Calabresi, Michel Clanet, Giancarlo Comi, Robert J. Fox, Mark S. Freedman, Andrew D. Goodman, Matilde Inglese, Ludwig Kappos, Bernd C. Kieseier, John A. Lincoln, Catherine Lubetzki, Aaron E. Miller, Xavier Montalban, Paul W. O'Connor, John Petkau, Carlo Pozzilli, Richard A. Rudick, Maria Pia Sormani, Olaf Stüve, Emmanuelle Waubant, Chris H. Polman
Neurology Jul 2014, 83 (3) 278-286; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560
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Abstract
Accurate clinical course descriptions (phenotypes) of multiple sclerosis (MS) are important for communication, prognostication, design and recruitment of clinical trials, and treatment decision-making. Standardized descriptions published in 1996 based on a survey of international MS experts provided purely clinical phenotypes based on data and consensus at that time, but imaging and biological correlates were lacking. Increased understanding of MS and its pathology, coupled with general concern that the original descriptors may not adequately reflect more recently identified clinical aspects of the disease, prompted a re-examination of MS disease phenotypes by the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of MS. While imaging and biological markers that might provide objective criteria for separating clinical phenotypes are lacking, we propose refined descriptors that include consideration of disease activity (based on clinical relapse rate and imaging findings) and disease progression. Strategies for future research to better define phenotypes are also outlined.
GLOSSARY
- CIS=
- clinically isolated syndrome;
- EDSS=
- Expanded Disability Status Scale;
- MS=
- multiple sclerosis;
- NMSS=
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society;
- OCT=
- optical coherence tomography;
- PP=
- primary progressive;
- PR=
- progressive relapsing;
- PRO=
- patient-reported outcomes;
- RIS=
- radiologically isolated syndrome;
- RR=
- relapsing-remitting;
- SP=
- secondary progressive
Footnotes
F.D.L., S.C.R., J.A.C., G.R.C., P.S.S., A.J.T., J.S.W., L.J.B., B. Banwell, F.B., P.A.C., M.C., G.C., M.S.F., A.D.G., L.K., B.C.K., C.L., A.E.M., X.M., P.W.O., J.P., C.P., M.P.S., O.S., and C.H.P. are members of the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was paid by the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis with funds provided by the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA).
Editorial, page 206
- Received October 22, 2013.
- Accepted in final form February 26, 2014.
- © 2014 American Academy of Neurology
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivative 3.0 License, which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.
Disputes & Debates: Rapid online correspondence
- Re:Mutiple sclerosis subtypes or notFred D. LublinPublished November 20, 2014
- Mutiple sclerosis subtypes or notFrancois H JacquesPublished November 12, 2014
- A problem with consensusRichard B. TenserPublished August 22, 2014
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