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January 06, 2015; 84 (1) Article

Relapses and disability accumulation in progressive multiple sclerosis

M. Mateo Paz Soldán, Martina Novotna, Nuhad Abou Zeid, Nilufer Kale, Melih Tutuncu, Daniel J. Crusan, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Aksel Siva, B. Mark Keegan, Istvan Pirko, Sean J. Pittock, Claudia F. Lucchinetti, Brian G. Weinshenker, Moses Rodriguez, Orhun H. Kantarci
First published November 14, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001094
M. Mateo Paz Soldán
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Martina Novotna
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Nuhad Abou Zeid
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Nilufer Kale
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Melih Tutuncu
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Daniel J. Crusan
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Elizabeth J. Atkinson
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Aksel Siva
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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B. Mark Keegan
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Istvan Pirko
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Sean J. Pittock
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Claudia F. Lucchinetti
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Brian G. Weinshenker
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Moses Rodriguez
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Orhun H. Kantarci
From the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases, Department of Neurology (M.M.P.S., M.N., B.M.K., I.P., S.J.P., C.F.L., B.G.W., M.R., O.H.K.), and Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics (D.J.C., E.J.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center (M.N.), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (N.A.Z.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Neurology (N.K.), Bakirkoy State Hospital, Istanbul; and Department of Neurology (M.T., A.S.), Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. N.A.Z., N.K., and M.T. were previous fellows of the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
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Citation
Relapses and disability accumulation in progressive multiple sclerosis
M. Mateo Paz Soldán, Martina Novotna, Nuhad Abou Zeid, Nilufer Kale, Melih Tutuncu, Daniel J. Crusan, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Aksel Siva, B. Mark Keegan, Istvan Pirko, Sean J. Pittock, Claudia F. Lucchinetti, Brian G. Weinshenker, Moses Rodriguez, Orhun H. Kantarci
Neurology Jan 2015, 84 (1) 81-88; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001094

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Abstract

Objective: We examined the effect of relapses—before and after progression onset—on the rate of postprogression disability accrual in a progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort.

Methods: We studied patients with primary progressive MS (n = 322) and bout-onset progressive MS (BOPMS) including single-attack progressive MS (n = 112) and secondary progressive MS (n = 421). The effect of relapses on time to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 6 was studied using multivariate Cox regression analysis (sex, age at progression, and immunomodulation modeled as covariates). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed using EDSS 6 as endpoint.

Results: Preprogression relapses (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–1.98), postprogression relapses (HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.11–1.70), female sex (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00–1.43), and progression onset after age 50 years (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.21–1.78) were associated with shorter time to EDSS 6. Postprogression relapses occurred in 29.5% of secondary progressive MS, 10.7% of single-attack progressive MS, and 3.1% of primary progressive MS. Most occurred within 5 years (91.6%) after progressive disease onset and/or before age 55 (95.2%). Immunomodulation after onset of progressive disease course (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.52–0.78) seemingly lengthened time to EDSS 6 (for BOPMS with ongoing relapses) when analyzed as a dichotomous variable, but not as a time-dependent variable.

Conclusions: Pre- and postprogression relapses accelerate time to severe disability in progressive MS. Continuing immunomodulation for 5 years after the onset of progressive disease or until 55 years of age may be reasonable to consider in patients with BOPMS who have ongoing relapses.

GLOSSARY

BOPMS=
bout-onset progressive multiple sclerosis;
CI=
confidence interval;
EDSS=
Expanded Disability Status Scale;
HR=
hazard ratio;
MS=
multiple sclerosis;
PPMS=
primary progressive multiple sclerosis;
RRMS=
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis;
SAPMS=
single-attack progressive multiple sclerosis;
SPMS=
secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • Received February 27, 2014.
  • Accepted in final form September 15, 2014.
  • © 2014 American Academy of Neurology
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