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May 05, 2015; 84 (18) Article

Risk and protective factors for cognitive impairment in persons aged 85 years and older

Rosebud O. Roberts, Ruth H. Cha, Michelle M. Mielke, Yonas E. Geda, Bradley F. Boeve, Mary M. Machulda, David S. Knopman, Ronald C. Petersen
First published April 8, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001537
Rosebud O. Roberts
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Ruth H. Cha
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Michelle M. Mielke
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Yonas E. Geda
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Bradley F. Boeve
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Mary M. Machulda
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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David S. Knopman
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Ronald C. Petersen
From the Divisions of Epidemiology (R.O.R., M.M. Mielke, Y.E.G., R.C.P.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (R.H.C.), Department of Health Sciences Research, the Department of Neurology (R.O.R., B.F.B., D.S.K., R.C.P.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (M.M. Machulda), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neurology (Y.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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Citation
Risk and protective factors for cognitive impairment in persons aged 85 years and older
Rosebud O. Roberts, Ruth H. Cha, Michelle M. Mielke, Yonas E. Geda, Bradley F. Boeve, Mary M. Machulda, David S. Knopman, Ronald C. Petersen
Neurology May 2015, 84 (18) 1854-1861; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001537

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Abstract

Objective: To determine risk and protective factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among persons 85 years and older.

Methods: Participants in the population-based prospective Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were comprehensively evaluated at baseline and at 15 monthly intervals to determine incident MCI. At baseline, lifestyle factors in midlife and late life were assessed by self-reported questionnaire; vascular and comorbid conditions were abstracted from participants' medical records.

Results: Of 256 participants who were cognitively normal at enrollment (median age 87.3 years, 62% women), 121 developed MCI at a median 4.1 years of follow-up. Predictors of MCI were APOE ε4 allele (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89; p = 0.008), current depressive symptoms (HR 1.78; p = 0.02), midlife onset of hypertension (HR 2.43; p = 0.005), increasing number of vascular diseases (HR 1.13; p = 0.02), and chronic conditions from the Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR 1.08; p = 0.006). Models were adjusted for sex and education, with age as the time variable. The risk of MCI was reduced for participants who reported engagement in artistic (HR 0.27; p = 0.03), craft (HR 0.55; p = 0.02), and social (HR 0.45; p = 0.005) activities in both midlife and late life, and in the use of a computer in late life (HR 0.47; p = 0.008).

Conclusions: Chronic disease burden increases risk of MCI, whereas certain lifestyle factors reduce risk in persons 85 years and older. This implies that preventive strategies for MCI may need to begin in midlife and should persist throughout late life.

GLOSSARY

AD=
Alzheimer disease;
aMCI=
amnestic mild cognitive impairment;
CCI=
Charlson Comorbidity Index;
DSM-IV=
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition;
FAQ=
Functional Activities Questionnaire;
HR=
hazard ratio;
ICD-9=
International Classification of Diseases–9;
MCI=
mild cognitive impairment;
MCSA=
Mayo Clinic Study of Aging;
naMCI=
nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment;
NPI-Q=
Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • Supplemental data at Neurology.org

  • Received September 3, 2014.
  • Accepted in final form December 18, 2014.
  • © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
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  • Cohort studies
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  • Incidence studies
  • Natural history studies (prognosis)
  • MCI (mild cognitive impairment)

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