Given a sufficiently provocative stimulus, almost everyone can be made motion sick, with approximately one-third experiencing significant symptoms on long bus trips, on ships, or in light aircraft.1–4 Current countermeasures are either behavioral or pharmacologic. Behavioral measures include habituation/desensitization treatment protocols5 as well as positioning the head in alignment with the direction of the gravito-inertial force and maintaining a stable horizontal reference frame.5 Pharmacologic measures include antimuscarinics, H1 antihistamines, and sympathomimetics, which all detrimentally impact upon cognitive function, rendering them inappropriate for occupational use.5 All current therapies are only partially effective.
Footnotes
↵* Q. Arshad and N. Cerchiai contributed equally to this work.
Author contributions: Q. Arshad: conceptualized study, acquired data, and wrote the manuscript. N. Cerchiai: conceptualized study and acquired data. U. Goga: acquired data and revised manuscript. Y. Nigmatullina: data analysis and figure preparation. E. Roberts: data analysis and revised manuscript. A. Casani: revised manuscript. J. Golding: conceptualized study, technical expertise, and revised manuscript. M. Gresty: conceptualized study, technical expertise, and wrote manuscript. A Bronstein: conceptualized study, supervised study, and wrote manuscript.
Study funding: No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure: The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. The Article Processing Charge was paid by Research Councils-UK (RCUK).
- Received September 24, 2014.
- Accepted in final form April 14, 2015.
- © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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