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October 04, 2016; 87 (14) ArticleOpen Access

Superior MRI outcomes with alemtuzumab compared with subcutaneous interferon β-1a in MS

Douglas L. Arnold, Elizabeth Fisher, Vesna V. Brinar, Jeffrey A. Cohen, Alasdair J. Coles, Gavin Giovannoni, Hans-Peter Hartung, Eva Havrdova, Krzysztof W. Selmaj, Miroslav Stojanovic, Howard L. Weiner, Stephen L. Lake, David H. Margolin, David R. Thomas, Michael A. Panzara, D. Alastair S. Compston
First published September 2, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003169
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Article Information

vol. 87 no. 14 1464-1472
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003169
PubMed: 
27590291
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received June 29, 2015
  • Accepted in final form June 16, 2016
  • First Published September 2, 2016.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2016 American Academy of Neurology This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

Author Disclosures

    1. Douglas L. Arnold, MD,
    2. Elizabeth Fisher, PhD,
    3. Vesna V. Brinar, MD, PhD,
    4. Jeffrey A. Cohen, MD,
    5. Alasdair J. Coles, MD, PhD,
    6. Gavin Giovannoni, MD, PhD,
    7. Hans-Peter Hartung, MD, PhD,
    8. Eva Havrdova, MD, PhD,
    9. Krzysztof W. Selmaj, MD, PhD,
    10. Miroslav Stojanovic, MD,
    11. Howard L. Weiner, MD,
    12. Stephen L. Lake, ScD,
    13. David H. Margolin, MD, PhD,
    14. David R. Thomas, PhD,
    15. Michael A. Panzara, MD, MPH and
    16. D. Alastair S. Compston, MD, PhD
    17. On behalf of the CARE-MS I and CARE-MS II Investigators
  1. Douglas L. Arnold, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, Genentech, Genzyme, GSK, Hoffman LaRoche, MedImmune, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Receptos, Receptos, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Genzyme, travel support

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Method of evaluating the efficacy of drug on brain nerve cells

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultascies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Biogen, Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. CIHR 15630 co-PI 2007 2012 CIHR 84360 co-PI 2007-2012 CIHR 84367 PI 2007-2012 CIHR 111169 coPI 2011-2014 CIHR 43871 co-PI 2010-2015

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada Multiple Sclerosis Research Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NeuroRx Research, 2002-2013

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Elizabeth Fisher, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Received travel funds and honoraria for speaking from Biogen Idec

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurology, Editorial Board, 2012-2014

    Patents:

    1. (1) patent on brain parenchymal fraction, a method of measuring brain volume

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Biogen, Sr. Director, 2015-present

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Biogen Idec (2) Genzyme (3) Novartis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen Idec (2) NeuroRx/Genzyme

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institutes of Health NINDS, P01-NS38667, PI of Project 3, 2004-2014

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Vesna V. Brinar, MD, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Jeffrey A. Cohen, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Genentech 7/31/15, Consulting meeting Genzyme/Sanofi 7/22/15, Consulting meeting Merck 6/10/16, Consulting meeting Novartis 5/13/15, Steering Committee meeting Receptos 11/11/15, Steering Committee teleconference

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Teva 6/12/15, Speaker, Honorarium

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 2015-present, Co-Editor, Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Cambridge University Press, JA Cohen and RA Rudick, eds, Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, 4th edition, 2011

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Research support paid to my institution from Genzyme, Novartis, Receptos, Synthon, and Teva

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Department of Defense, PR093324, PI, 2010-14 NIH, 1 RO1 NS074787, 2011-4

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National MS Society, PP1752, PI, 06/2012-11/2013 Consortium of MS Centers, FWA00005367, PI, 12/2012-11/2013

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Alasdair J. Coles, MD, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Society of GB & NI (2) International Society for Neuroimmunology

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Nil (2) Genzyme

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. (1) IL-21 as a marker of autoimmunity after alemtuzumab treatment

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. (1) Genzyme

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 2016 A randomised placebo-controlled trial of immunotherapy in patients with psychosis associated with anti-neuronal membrane antibodies (SINAPPS 2). Medical Research Council. (?2,466,231 fEC) with Co-PI: Peter Jones and Co-applicants: Belinda Lennox, Mike Zandi and James Wason.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 2014 A feasibility study of immunotherapy in antibody- associated psychosis. The Stanley Medical Research Institute ($284,176) RG77862 2015 Imaging cerebral metabolism in multiple sclerosis using hyperpolarised carbon. Multiple Sclerosis Society (?39,900) as Co-PI (Ferdia Gallagher is PI) 2015 Does early treatment prevent progression? Long term follow-up of alemtuzumab patients. Multiple Sclerosis Society (?92,613) RG79876

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. 2). Have give expert witness in the past, and possibly in the future, on patents surrounding copaxone and fingolimod as a treatment of multiple sclerosis.

    Non-financial disclosures:

    1. I chair the MS advisory group of the Association of British Neurologists

  6. Gavin Giovannoni, MD, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1)Biogen-Idec (2) Fiveprime (3) Genzyme (4) GW Pharma (5) Ironwood (6) Merck-Serono (7) Novartis (8) Roche (9) Sanofi-Aventis (10) Synthon BV (11) Teva (12) Vertex Pharmaceuticals (13) Abbvie (14) Canbex

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker honoraria: (1)Biogen-Idec (2) Genzyme (3) GW Pharma (4) Merck-Serono (5) Novartis (6) Roche (7) Teva

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Editor since 2011

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1)Biogen-Idec (2) Fiveprime (3) Genzyme (4) GW Pharma (5) Ironwood (6) Merck-Serono (7) Novartis (8) Roche (9) Sanofi-Aventis (10) Synthon BV (11) Teva (12) Vertex Pharmaceuticals (13) Abbvie (14) Canbex

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. (1) Novartis (2) Teva

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Genzyme 2012-2014 Merck 2012-2014

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Hans-Peter Hartung, MD, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Novartis; Merck Serono; Teva; Biogen Idec; Roche; Genzyme; BayerHealthcare; Sanofi; MedImmune; GeNeuro; Opexa; Octapharma

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker Honoraria from: Biogen Idec Genzyme Teva Sanofi Aventis Merck Serono Novartis Novartis Bayer Healthcare

    Editorial Boards:

    1. editorial board member: annals of neurology, frontiers neurology / immunology; european journal of neurology; current opinion in neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Eva Havrdova, MD, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. Biogen 2. Novartis 3. Genzyme 4. Actelion 5. Celgene

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Biogen 2. Novartis 3. Celgene 4. Genzyme 5. Actelion 6. Roche 7. Merck Serono

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Biogen Idec 2. Novartis 3. Celgene 4. Genzyme 5. Actelion 6. Roche 7. Merck Serono

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen, grant support for gait study (2) Merck Serono

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. European Commission Grant: ABIRISK - IMI (2012-2016), investigator 2. Czech Ministry of Education: PRVOUK-P26/LF1/4 (2013- 2016), investigator

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Krzysztof W. Selmaj, MD, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Genzyme,Biogen,Novartis,Synthon, Roche, Receptos, TEVA, Merck

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker for Biogen Idec, Novartis, TEVA, Bayer, Roche, Receptos, Genzyme, Travel to AAN 2016 Merck

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Journal of Neuroimmunology - member of editorial board - 1994 now. Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Disorders - member of editorial board sinbce 2015

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1)Genzyme 2) Novartis 3) Biogen 4) Roche 5)Synthon 6)Merck Serono 7) Ono 8) Teva

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. 1) Novartis 2) Merck-Serono 3) BiogenIdec 4) Bayer 5)Genzyme

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Research grant from National Research Center (Poland)and from National Center for Research and Development (Poland)

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Miroslav Stojanovic, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Howard L. Weiner, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. served on the advisory board for The Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Novartis, Sanofi-aventis

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Therapix Biogen Novartis Serono Teva Sanofi

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. EMD Serono

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National Multiple Sclerosis Society

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Stephen L. Lake, ScD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Dr. Stephen L. Lake, as an Associate VP of Biostatistics receives personal compensation as an employee of Sanofi Genzyme (a company of Sanofi).

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. David H. Margolin, MD, PhD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Describes dosing regimens for alemtuzumab (Lemtrada).

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Sanofi Genzyme, Senior Medical Director, 12 years (full- time)

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical procedures or imaging studies:

    1. (1) Genzyme Corp. (100%), 12 years

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Sanofi Genzyme.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. (1) Genzyme Corporation, a Sanofi company. (2) Contingent Value Right (GCVRZ) tied to alemtuzumab sales.

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. (1) Sanofi, 12 years. (2) Contingent Value Right (GCVRZ) tied to alemtuzumab sales. (Note: Author was not technically an investigator, but participated in the research as Sponsor's medical monitor.)

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. (1) Sanofi, 12 years. (2) Contingent Value Right (GCVRZ) tied to alemtuzumab sales.

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. David R. Thomas, PhD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Evidence Scientific Solutions, Senior Medical Writer, 3 years.

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Michael A. Panzara, MD, MPH and
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Sanofi Genzyme, Head, MS, Neurology, and Ophthalmology Development, 6 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. D. Alastair S. Compston, MD, PhD
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Scientific advisory board for Genzyme (a Sanofi company)

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. (1) Travel paid for speaking engagements for Genzyme; honoraria paid into departmental budget and (from 2014) for personal use

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. IL-21 as a biomarker of autoimmunity after alemtuzumab

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1) Genzyme(2) Bayer Schering

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. (1) Genzyme

    Other Activities:

    1. (1) Genzyme has made gifts to the University of Cambridge

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Genzyme(2) Bayer Schering

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Medical Research COuncil

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.) and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.L.A.), Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.F.) and Mellen Center (J.A.C.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Zagreb Medical School and University Hospital Center (V.V.B.), Croatia; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.J.C., D.A.S.C.), University of Cambridge, UK; Queen Mary University of London (G.G.), Barts and the London School of Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuropsychiatry (H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.H.), First Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (K.W.S.), Medical University of Łódź, Poland; Clinical Centre Kragujevac (M.S.), Clinic of Neurology, Serbia; Brigham and Women’s Hospital Center for Neurologic Diseases (H.L.W.), Boston, MA; Sanofi Genzyme (S.L.L., D.H.M., M.A.P.), Cambridge, MA; and Evidence Scientific Solutions (D.R.T.), Horsham, West Sussex, UK. Dr. Panzara is currently with Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA.
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Arnold: douglas.arnold{at}mcgill.ca
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