Skip to main content
Advertisement
  • Neurology.org
  • Journals
    • Neurology
    • Clinical Practice
    • Education
    • Genetics
    • Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
  • Online Sections
    • Neurology Video Journal Club
    • Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion (DEI)
    • Innovations in Care Delivery
    • Practice Buzz
    • Practice Current
    • Residents & Fellows
    • Without Borders
  • Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Disputes & Debates
    • Health Disparities
    • Infographics
    • Neurology Future Forecasting Series
    • Null Hypothesis
    • Patient Pages
    • Topics A-Z
    • Translations
  • Podcast
  • CME
  • About
    • About the Journals
    • Contact Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Authors
    • Submit New Manuscript
    • Submit Revised Manuscript
    • Author Center

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Neurology.org
  • Journals
    • Neurology
    • Clinical Practice
    • Education
    • Genetics
    • Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
  • Online Sections
    • Neurology Video Journal Club
    • Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion (DEI)
    • Innovations in Care Delivery
    • Practice Buzz
    • Practice Current
    • Residents & Fellows
    • Without Borders
  • Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Disputes & Debates
    • Health Disparities
    • Infographics
    • Neurology Future Forecasting Series
    • Null Hypothesis
    • Patient Pages
    • Topics A-Z
    • Translations
  • Podcast
  • CME
  • About
    • About the Journals
    • Contact Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Authors
    • Submit New Manuscript
    • Submit Revised Manuscript
    • Author Center
  • Home
  • Latest Articles
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Neurology Video Journal Club
  • Residents & Fellows

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • My Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Neurology
Home
The most widely read and highly cited peer-reviewed neurology journal
  • Subscribe
  • My Alerts
  • Log in
Site Logo
  • Home
  • Latest Articles
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Neurology Video Journal Club
  • Residents & Fellows

Share

November 22, 2016; 87 (21) Article

Expanding the phenotype of BICD2 mutations toward skeletal muscle involvement

Andreas Unger, Gabriele Dekomien, Anne Güttsches, Thomas Dreps, Rudolf Kley, Martin Tegenthoff, Andreas Ferbert, Joachim Weis, Christoph Heyer, Wolfgang A. Linke, Lilian Martinez-Carrera, Markus Storbeck, Brunhilde Wirth, Sabine Hoffjan, Matthias Vorgerd
First published October 26, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003360
Andreas Unger
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Gabriele Dekomien
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Anne Güttsches
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Thomas Dreps
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Rudolf Kley
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Martin Tegenthoff
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Andreas Ferbert
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Joachim Weis
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Christoph Heyer
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Wolfgang A. Linke
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Lilian Martinez-Carrera
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Markus Storbeck
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Brunhilde Wirth
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sabine Hoffjan
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Matthias Vorgerd
From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology (A.U., T.D., W.A.L.), Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (A.U., G.D., A.G., T.D., R.K., M.T., C.H., W.A.L., S.H., M.V.), Department of Human Genetics (G.D., S.H.), Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil (A.G., R.K., M.T., M.V.), and Institute for Pediatric Radiology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum (C.H.), Ruhr University Bochum; Klinikum Kassel (A.F.), Kassel Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (J.W.), RWTH University Hospital Aachen; and Institute of Human Genetics (L.M.-C., M.S., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Full PDF
Citation
Expanding the phenotype of BICD2 mutations toward skeletal muscle involvement
Andreas Unger, Gabriele Dekomien, Anne Güttsches, Thomas Dreps, Rudolf Kley, Martin Tegenthoff, Andreas Ferbert, Joachim Weis, Christoph Heyer, Wolfgang A. Linke, Lilian Martinez-Carrera, Markus Storbeck, Brunhilde Wirth, Sabine Hoffjan, Matthias Vorgerd
Neurology Nov 2016, 87 (21) 2235-2243; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003360

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Permissions

Make Comment

See Comments

Downloads
275

Share

  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Disclosures
Loading

This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased.

Abstract

Objective: To expand the spectrum of bicaudal D, Drosophila, homologue 2 (BICD2) gene–related diseases, which so far includes autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2 and hereditary spastic paraplegia due to mutations in the BICD2 gene.

Methods: We analyzed 2 independent German families with clinical, genetic, and muscle MRI studies. In both index patients, muscle histopathologic studies were performed. Transfection studies were carried out to analyze the functional consequences of the disease-causing mutations.

Results: We identified the mutations p.Ser107Leu and p.Thr703Met in the BICD2 gene in the 2 families, respectively. In contrast to other patients carrying the same mutations, our patients present features of a myopathy with slow progression. Immunofluorescence studies and immunoelectron microscopy showed striking impairment of Golgi integrity, vesicle pathology, and abnormal BICD2 accumulation either within the nuclei (p.Ser107Leu) or in the perinuclear region (p.Thr703Met). Transfection studies confirmed BICD2 aggregation in different subcellular locations.

Conclusions: Our findings extend the phenotypic spectrum of BICD2-associated disorders by features of a chronic myopathy and show a pathomechanism of BICD2 defects in skeletal muscle.

GLOSSARY

BicD=
Drosophila bicaudal D;
BICD2=
bicaudal D, Drosophila, homologue 2;
DAPI=
4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole;
ER=
endoplasmic reticulum;
HSP=
hereditary spastic paraplegia;
NGS=
next-generation sequencing;
PBS=
phosphate-buffered saline;
SMALED2=
spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2;
TE=
echo time;
TR=
repetition time

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • Supplemental data at Neurology.org

  • Received May 3, 2016.
  • Accepted in final form August 12, 2016.
  • © 2016 American Academy of Neurology
View Full Text

AAN Members

We have changed the login procedure to improve access between AAN.com and the Neurology journals. If you are experiencing issues, please log out of AAN.com and clear history and cookies. (For instructions by browser, please click the instruction pages below). After clearing, choose preferred Journal and select login for AAN Members. You will be redirected to a login page where you can log in with your AAN ID number and password. When you are returned to the Journal, your name should appear at the top right of the page.

Google Safari Microsoft Edge Firefox

Click here to login

AAN Non-Member Subscribers

Click here to login

Purchase access

For assistance, please contact:
AAN Members (800) 879-1960 or (612) 928-6000 (International)
Non-AAN Member subscribers (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300 option 3, select 1 (international)

Sign Up
Information on how to subscribe to Neurology and Neurology: Clinical Practice can be found here 

Purchase
Individual access to articles is available through the Add to Cart option on the article page.  Access for 1 day (from the computer you are currently using) is US$ 39.00.  Pay-per-view content is for the use of the payee only, and content may not be further distributed by print or electronic means.  The payee may view, download, and/or print the article for his/her personal, scholarly, research, and educational use.  Distributing copies (electronic or otherwise) of the article is not allowed.

Letters: Rapid online correspondence

No comments have been published for this article.
Comment

REQUIREMENTS

If you are uploading a letter concerning an article:
You must have updated your disclosures within six months: http://submit.neurology.org

Your co-authors must send a completed Publishing Agreement Form to Neurology Staff (not necessary for the lead/corresponding author as the form below will suffice) before you upload your comment.

If you are responding to a comment that was written about an article you originally authored:
You (and co-authors) do not need to fill out forms or check disclosures as author forms are still valid
and apply to letter.

Submission specifications:

  • Submissions must be < 200 words with < 5 references. Reference 1 must be the article on which you are commenting.
  • Submissions should not have more than 5 authors. (Exception: original author replies can include all original authors of the article)
  • Submit only on articles published within 6 months of issue date.
  • Do not be redundant. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission.
  • Submitted comments are subject to editing and editor review prior to posting.

More guidelines and information on Disputes & Debates

Compose Comment

More information about text formats

Plain text

  • No HTML tags allowed.
  • Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
  • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Author Information
NOTE: The first author must also be the corresponding author of the comment.
First or given name, e.g. 'Peter'.
Your last, or family, name, e.g. 'MacMoody'.
Your email address, e.g. higgs-boson@gmail.com
Your role and/or occupation, e.g. 'Orthopedic Surgeon'.
Your organization or institution (if applicable), e.g. 'Royal Free Hospital'.
Publishing Agreement
NOTE: All authors, besides the first/corresponding author, must complete a separate Publishing Agreement Form and provide via email to the editorial office before comments can be posted.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.

Vertical Tabs

You May Also be Interested in

Back to top
  • Article
    • Abstract
    • GLOSSARY
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
    • STUDY FUNDING
    • DISCLOSURE
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Disclosures
Advertisement

Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing for Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis

Dr. Robert Pitceathly and Dr. William Macken

► Watch

Topics Discussed

  • All Neuromuscular Disease
  • All Genetics
  • Anterior nerve cell disease
  • Muscle disease

Alert Me

  • Alert me when eletters are published

Recommended articles

  • Articles
    Distinct muscle imaging patterns in myofibrillar myopathies
    D. Fischer, R. A. Kley, K. Strach et al.
    Neurology, September 02, 2008
  • Article
    Isolated inclusion body myopathy caused by a multisystem proteinopathy–linked hnRNPA1 mutation
    Rumiko Izumi, Hitoshi Warita, Tetsuya Niihori et al.
    Neurology Genetics, September 24, 2015
  • Articles
    Redefining dysferlinopathy phenotypes based on clinical findings and muscle imaging studies
    C. Paradas, J. Llauger, J. Diaz-Manera et al.
    Neurology, June 23, 2010
  • Research Articles
    Selection Approach to Identify the Optimal Biomarker Using Quantitative Muscle MRI and Functional Assessments in Becker Muscular Dystrophy
    Nienke M. van de Velde, Melissa T. Hooijmans, Aashley S.D. Sardjoe Mishre et al.
    Neurology, June 23, 2021
Neurology: 100 (12)

Articles

  • Ahead of Print
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Popular Articles
  • Translations

About

  • About the Journals
  • Ethics Policies
  • Editors & Editorial Board
  • Contact Us
  • Advertise

Submit

  • Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Information for Reviewers
  • AAN Guidelines
  • Permissions

Subscribers

  • Subscribe
  • Activate a Subscription
  • Sign up for eAlerts
  • RSS Feed
Site Logo
  • Visit neurology Template on Facebook
  • Follow neurology Template on Twitter
  • Visit Neurology on YouTube
  • Neurology
  • Neurology: Clinical Practice
  • Neurology: Education
  • Neurology: Genetics
  • Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
  • AAN.com
  • AANnews
  • Continuum
  • Brain & Life
  • Neurology Today

Wolters Kluwer Logo

Neurology | Print ISSN:0028-3878
Online ISSN:1526-632X

© 2023 American Academy of Neurology

  • Privacy Policy
  • Feedback
  • Advertise