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November 29, 2016; 87 (22) Article

Neighborhood socioeconomic index and stroke incidence in a national cohort of blacks and whites

Virginia J. Howard, Leslie A. McClure, Dawn O. Kleindorfer, Solveig A. Cunningham, Amanda G. Thrift, Ana V. Diez Roux, George Howard
First published October 14, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003299
Virginia J. Howard
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Leslie A. McClure
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Dawn O. Kleindorfer
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Solveig A. Cunningham
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Amanda G. Thrift
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Ana V. Diez Roux
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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George Howard
From the Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.A.M., G.H.), Dornsife School of Public Health (A.V.D.R.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (D.O.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology (S.A.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Epidemiology & Prevention Division (A.G.T.), Stroke and Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton; and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.G.T.), Melbourne University, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Citation
Neighborhood socioeconomic index and stroke incidence in a national cohort of blacks and whites
Virginia J. Howard, Leslie A. McClure, Dawn O. Kleindorfer, Solveig A. Cunningham, Amanda G. Thrift, Ana V. Diez Roux, George Howard
Neurology Nov 2016, 87 (22) 2340-2347; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003299

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Abstract

Objective: To assess the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and incident stroke in a national cohort of black and white participants.

Methods: The study comprised black (n = 10,274, 41%) and white (n = 14,601) stroke-free participants, aged 45 and older, enrolled in 2003–2007 in Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), a national population-based cohort. A neighborhood socioeconomic score (nSES) was constructed using 6 neighborhood variables. Incident stroke was defined as first occurrence of stroke over an average 7.5 (SD 3.0) years of follow-up. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between nSES score and incident stroke, adjusted for demographics (age, race, sex, region), individual socioeconomic status (SES) (education, household income), and other risk factors for stroke.

Results: After adjustment for demographics, compared to the highest nSES quartile, stroke incidence increased with each decreasing nSES quartile. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) ranged from 1.28 (1.05–1.56) in quartile 3 to 1.38 (1.13–1.68) in quartile 2 to 1.56 (1.26–1.92) in quartile 1 (p < 0.0001 for linear trend). After adjustment for individual SES, the trend remained marginally significant (p = 0.085). Although there was no evidence of a differential effect by race or sex, adjustment for stroke risk factors attenuated the association between nSES and stroke in both black and white participants, with greater attenuation in black participants.

Conclusions: Risk of incident stroke increased with decreasing nSES but the effect of nSES is attenuated through individual SES and stroke risk factors. The effect of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics that contribute to increased stroke risk is similar in black and white participants.

GLOSSARY

CATI=
computer-assisted telephone interview;
CHS=
Cardiovascular Health Study;
CI=
confidence interval;
FSRS=
Framingham Stroke Risk Score;
HR=
hazard ratio;
LVH=
left ventricular hypertrophy;
MI=
myocardial infarction;
nSES=
neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics;
REGARDS=
Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke;
SES=
socioeconomic status;
TIA=
transient ischemic attack

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • Supplemental data at Neurology.org

  • Received April 16, 2016.
  • Accepted in final form August 19, 2016.
  • © 2016 American Academy of Neurology
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