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May 08, 2018; 90 (19) ArticleOpen Access

Prevalence of preclinical Alzheimer disease

Comparison of current classification systems

Silke Kern, Henrik Zetterberg, Jürgen Kern, Anna Zettergren, Margda Waern, Kina Höglund, Ulf Andreasson, Hanna Wetterberg, Anne Börjesson-Hanson, Kaj Blennow, Ingmar Skoog
First published April 13, 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005476
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Article Information

vol. 90 no. 19 e1682-e1691
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005476
PubMed: 
29653987
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received September 28, 2017
  • Accepted in final form February 20, 2018
  • First Published April 13, 2018.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Author Disclosures

    1. Silke Kern, MD, PhD,
    2. Henrik Zetterberg, MD, PhD,
    3. Jürgen Kern, MD, PhD,
    4. Anna Zettergren, PhD,
    5. Margda Waern, MD, PhD,
    6. Kina Höglund, PhD,
    7. Ulf Andreasson, PhD,
    8. Hanna Wetterberg, MSc,
    9. Anne Börjesson-Hanson, MD, PhD,
    10. Kaj Blennow, MD, PhD and
    11. Ingmar Skoog, MD, PhD
  1. Silke Kern, MD, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Associate Editor of Journal of Alzheimer`s disease 2016 without compensation.

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Henrik Zetterberg, MD, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. HZ has served at advisory boards for Roche Diagnostics and Eli Lilly.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Associate Editor Alzheimer's & Dementia, Associate Editor DADM, Associate Senior Editor Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Editor Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Editor

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. HZ is co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Ventures-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg.

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) The Swedish Research Council (2013-2546); (2) Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (ALFGBG-144341); (3) VINNOVA; (4) the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; (5) the European Research Council; and (6) Frimurarestiftelsen

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Jürgen Kern, MD, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Anna Zettergren, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Margda Waern, MD, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Den suicidn?ra patienten (The suicidal patient). Studentlitteratur. receipt of royalties 2012-2016.

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Sahlgrenska University Hospital (ALF) PI. 2018-2020. Swedish Council for working life and social research Grant number 2016-07097. PI. 2017-2019. Swedish Research Council. grant number 2016-01590. PI 2017- 2020.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Konung Gustaf V och Drottning Victoria's Frimurarestiftelse. PI 2014-18.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Kina Höglund, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Ulf Andreasson, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Stiftelsen f?r Gamla Tj?narinnor (2) Alzheimerfonden (3) Demensfonden

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Hanna Wetterberg, MSc,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Anne Börjesson-Hanson, MD, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Served on advisory board or DSMB for Kyowa Hakko Kirin Ionis and Lundbeck

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Consultant for Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Novartis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. erve as investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, ACImmune, Sanofiaventis, Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Kaj Blennow, MD, PhD and
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Dr Blennow has served at advisory boards or as a consultant for Alzheon, Eli Lilly, IBL International, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, Amgen, and Sanofi- Aventis.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Fujirebio Europe

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. Co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Venture-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy, Roche Diagnostics

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. The Research Council, Sweden (project # 14002) and LUA/ALF project, V?stra G?talandsregionen, Sweden (project # ALFGBG-11019)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Dr. Blennow holds the Torsten S?derberg professorship in Medicine.

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. The Torsten S?derberg Foundation at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Alzheimer Foundation, Sweden, the Stiftelsen f?r Gamla Tj?narinnor, Stockholm, Sweden and Hj?rnfonden, Sweden.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Ingmar Skoog, MD, PhD
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Takeda

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Takeda Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. American Journal of Geriatric psychiatry. Triage-Editor 2010- European Journal of Psychiatry. Editorial Board International Psychogeriatrics. Triage-Editor

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Dementia textbook Sweden 2003. Liber Text book in acute psychiatri. Studentlitteratur

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Takeda

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Takeda

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)The Swedish Research Council 11267, 825-2012-5041, 2013-8717, 2015-02830 PI 1994 until now (2) Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Wellfare (2012-1138, 2013-1202, 2013-2300, 2013-2496, 2006-1506)PI, 1999 until now (3) Swedish Brain Power co-PI, 2005 until now

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. The Alzheimer's Association Zenith Award (ZEN-01-3151) The Alzheimer's Association Stephanie B. Overstreet Scholars (IIRG-00-2159) The Alzheimer's Association (IIRG-03-6168) The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation The Swedish Alzheimer Association Hj?rnfonden

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit (S.K., J.K., A.Z., M.W., H.W., A.B.-H., I.S.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (S.K., H.Z., K.H., U.A., K.B.,), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), Queen Square, London, UK.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Kern silke.kern{at}neuro.gu.se
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