Childhood-onset refractory epilepsies (e.g., Dravet syndrome [DS]) contribute to developmental delays, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. We lack safe and effective antiseizure medications (ASMs) for these patients. Fenfluramine, an appetite suppressant, increases serotonin activity by releasing and inhibiting the reuptake of 5-HT and stimulating all 5-HT receptors. Combining fenfluramine with phentermine (Fen-Phen) led to sustained weight loss in obese patients, but pulmonary hypertension and heart valve lesions led to withdrawal. A small open-label trial with fenfluramine and a subsequent randomized trial found significant reductions in seizures in children with DS.1,2
Lorcaserin is a selective serotonin receptor (5-HT2C) agonist with receptors limited to the CNS. Mice lacking 5-HT2C receptors have a lower seizure threshold3 and lorcaserin reduced seizures in a zebrafish DS model.4 Lorcaserin does not affect cardiac valve 5-HT2B receptors and was Food and Drug Administration–approved for weight loss. We examined lorcaserin as a potential ASM in patients with DS and other severe childhood-onset epilepsies since we are unaware of any mechanism that would limit the potential antiseizure effects of serotonergic agonists to patients with SCN1A mutations.
Methods
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents
NYU Langone Health (n = 24), Children's Hospital of Colorado (n = 6), and RWJ Barnabas Health (n = 6) collaborated on this retrospective chart review (January 2014 to January 2018). The institutional review board at each center approved the study.
Clinical data were abstracted from medical records including demographics, epilepsy diagnosis and treatments, lorcaserin dosage and effects, and potential drug interactions. Seizure frequencies were ascertained from caregiver reports in patient charts. Tonic, tonic-clonic, focal seizures with prominent motor features, and drop (atonic) seizures were used for the primary efficacy outcome. The primary efficacy outcome was median percentage change in the mean monthly frequency of these motor seizures from baseline to last observation on lorcaserin. A 2-tailed Wilcoxson signed rank test assessed pretreatment/posttreatment changes.
Results
Of the 36 lorcaserin-treated patients, one was excluded from efficacy analysis because of discontinuation after 3 days due to side effects. Of the 35 remaining patients, 18 were female and treatment onset was 3–40 years (mean 16.4 years). Diagnoses included DS (n = 20), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) (n = 9), and other treatment-resistant focal epilepsies (n = 3) and generalized epilepsies (n = 3). Thirty-three (94.3%) patients were taking ≥1 ASM (mean 3; clobazam [60%], valproic acid [57.1%], and cannabidiol [40%]).
Among our 35 patients, median percentage reduction in the mean monthly frequency of motor seizures from baseline was 47.7% (z = −3.04, p < 0.01; 46.9% in tonic-clonic, 62.3% in tonic, 60.1% in atonic, and 54.6% in focal seizures with motor features); 15 (42%) had a >50% reduction in motor seizures. Two (5.7%) patients had increased seizure frequency. The mean lorcaserin dosage was 15.7 mg/d (and 13.7 mg/d for children) and median treatment duration was 10.8 months. After 15 months, 50% of patients remained on lorcaserin (figure).
+Patients who were still receiving treatment at the time of efficacy review.
The most common adverse events were decreased appetite (19.6%), decreased attentiveness (17.1%), and weight loss (11.1%). The mean decline in body mass index at last follow-up compared to baseline was −0.58 ± 0.24 kg/m2 (−2.7 ± 1.3%; p = 0.02) and was similar among patients taking or not taking valproate. Five patients stopped treatment before 30 days due to side effects.
Discussion
Our retrospective case series found that the selective 5-HT2C agonist lorcaserin may reduce motor seizures in children and young adults with treatment-resistant epilepsies. Lorcaserin was associated with a reduction of motor seizures in all groups: 50% in LGS, 43% in DS, and 23% in other epilepsies. Assuming a 10%–20% placebo response rate in epilepsy trials,5 the LGS and DS groups appear to have a clinically significant improvement.
Serotonergic therapies may have proconvulsant or anticonvulsant properties in animal models and small case series.1,6 A meta-analysis of clinical trials found that patients randomized to second-generation antidepressants (excluding bupropion) had fewer seizures than those on placebo.7 Open-label and randomized trials show fenfluramine reduces convulsive seizures in DS.1 We included patients without DS since there is no mechanism to account for a selective efficacy of a serotonergic agonist in seizures due to SCN1A mutations.
Lorcaserin was well-tolerated in our patients. Adverse events reported by >10% of patients were decreased appetite and attentiveness and weight loss. The patient excluded from the efficacy analysis developed serious behavioral side effects likely due to concomitant sertraline, suggesting serotonin syndrome. Another patient taking fluoxetine experienced no adverse events but stopped treatment before 30 days due to limited efficacy. The off-label use of lorcaserin was limited by high cost and limited insurance coverage, leading some families to discontinue therapy.
This study was limited by retrospective data collection, no control group or blinding, and small sample size. There was variation in both the timing of patient assessments and the consistency of clinical features. Caregiver reports are subject to recall bias. Patients did not undergo systematic evaluations before and after initiation of lorcaserin therapy (e.g., trough ASM levels, liver function tests, EEG). Adverse events were not systematically collected. ASM changes or other therapeutic adjustments may have affected seizure frequency. Interactions between ASMs or other concomitant medications and lorcaserin were not analyzed.
These promising preliminary findings support the need for randomized, controlled trials of lorcaserin for treatment-resistant epilepsies.
Author contributions
P. Tolete: study design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content. K. Knupp: study design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content. M. Karlovich: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content. E. DeCarlo: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. J. Bluvstein: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. E. Conway: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. D. Friedman: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content. P. Dugan: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content. O. Devinsky: study design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting or revising the manuscript for intellectual content.
Study funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
P. Tolete reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. K. Knupp receives research funding from Zogenix, The Colorado Department of Public Health, PERF, and West Therapeutics and has funding from GW Pharmaceuticals as part of the DSMB. M. Karlovich, E. DeCarlo, J. Bluvstein, and E. Conway report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. D. Friedman receives salary support from the Epilepsy Study Consortium, has consults or serves on advisory boards for Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, GW Pharmaceuticals, Penumbra, Supernus, and UCB, and has received honoraria for educational materials from Neuropace. P. Dugan reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. O. Devinsky received funding from the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke for SUDEP Research and serves as the Principal Investigator of the North American SUDEP Registry and Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood Registry and Research Collaborative and has received research grants from GW Pharmaceuticals, Zogenix, Novartis, and PTC Therapeutics. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures.
Publication history
Received by Neurology April 4, 2018. Accepted in final form July 31, 2018.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Finding A Cure for Epilepsy and Seizures (FACES), which helped to support this study and continues to support many others in epilepsy research.
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by NYU Langone Health Finding A Cure for Epilepsy and Seizures (FACES).
- Received April 4, 2018.
- Accepted in final form July 31, 2018.
- Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
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