This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased.
Abstract
Objective To assess by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) the N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, choline, sum of glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and creatine (Cr) content in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and in the occipital cortex (OCC) (control region) in patients with functional motor symptoms (FMS) and healthy controls, and to determine whether neurochemical limbic changes as estimated by MRS correlate with FMS-related motor symptom severity, alexithymia, anxiety, depression, and quality of life.
Methods This case-control study enrolled 10 patients with FMS and 10 healthy controls. Participants underwent MRS and were tested with the Mini-Mental State Examination, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and EuroQol 5D.
Results In patients with FMS, MRS showed increased Glx/Cr in the ACC/mPFC but normal content in the control OCC. All the other metabolites tested were normal in both regions. The increased Glx/Cr content in the ACC/mPFC correlated with alexithymia, anxiety, and severity of symptoms.
Conclusions The abnormal limbic Glx increase could have a crucial pathophysiologic role in FMS, possibly by altering limbic-motor interactions, ultimately leading to abnormal movements.
Glossary
- ACC=
- anterior cingulate cortex;
- ANOVA=
- analysis of variance;
- Cho=
- choline;
- Cr=
- creatine;
- EQ-5D=
- EuroQol 5D;
- FMS=
- functional motor symptoms;
- Glx=
- sum of glutamate and glutamine;
- HAM-A=
- Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety;
- HAM-D=
- Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression;
- MI=
- myo-inositol;
- MMSE=
- Mini-Mental State Examination;
- mPFC=
- medial prefrontal cortex;
- MRS=
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy;
- NAA=
- N-acetylaspartate;
- OCC=
- occipital cortex;
- PMRDS=
- Psychogenic Movement Disorders rating scale;
- TAS-20=
- 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale;
- TE=
- echo time;
- TR=
- repetition time
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
- Received July 12, 2018.
- Accepted in final form February 11, 2019.
- © 2019 American Academy of Neurology
AAN Members: Sign in with your AAN member credentials (e-mail or 6-digit Member ID number)
Non-AAN Member subscribers: Sign in with subscriber credentials
Log in using your username and password
Purchase access
Disputes & Debates: Rapid online correspondence
NOTE: All authors' disclosures must be entered and current in our database before comments can be posted. Enter and update disclosures at http://submit.neurology.org. Exception: replies to comments concerning an article you originally authored do not require updated disclosures.
- Stay timely. Submit only on articles published within the last 8 weeks.
- Do not be redundant. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission.
- 200 words maximum.
- 5 references maximum. Reference 1 must be the article on which you are commenting.
- 5 authors maximum. Exception: replies can include all original authors of the article.
- Submitted comments are subject to editing and editor review prior to posting.