Abstract
Objective Headache associated with ischemic stroke is poorly understood. To gain further insight, we systematically reviewed studies examining the prevalence and characteristics of new-onset poststroke headache.
Methods Medline and PubMed databases were queried. A total of 1,812 articles were identified. Of these, 50 were included in this systematic review. Twenty were included in a meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Results Headache occurred in 6%–44% of the ischemic stroke population. Most headaches had tension-type features, were moderate to severe, and became chronic in nature. Meta-analysis using an inverse-variance heterogeneity model revealed a pooled prevalence of 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07–0.23) with heterogeneity among studies. Metaregression revealed a significant association between prevalence and study location, the source population's national human development index (HDI), and study quality. We found higher prevalence in European (0.22, 95% CI 0.14–0.30) and North American (0.15, 95% CI 0.05–0.26) studies compared with Middle Eastern and Asian studies (0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.18). However, within each region, populations from countries with higher HDI (p = 0.03) and studies with higher quality (p = 0.001) had lower prevalence. Calculated crude odds ratios (ORs) showed that posterior circulation stroke (pooled OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.4–2.64; n = 7 studies) and female sex (pooled OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07–1.46; n = 11 studies) had greater odds of headache associated with ischemic stroke.
Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that headache is common at the onset of or shortly following ischemic stroke and may contribute to poststroke morbidity. Better understanding of headache associated with ischemic stroke is needed to establish treatment guidelines and inform patient management.
Glossary
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- HAIS=
- headache associated with ischemic stroke;
- HDI=
- human development index;
- ICHD=
- International Classification of Headache Disorders;
- OR=
- odds ratio;
- QS=
- quality score
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
- Received April 20, 2019.
- Accepted in final form June 26, 2019.
- Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
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