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September 08, 2020; 95 (10) Views & ReviewsOpen Access

Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker in progressive multiple sclerosis

Raju Kapoor, Kathryn E. Smith, Mark Allegretta, Douglas L. Arnold, William Carroll, Manuel Comabella, Roberto Furlan, Christopher Harp, Jens Kuhle, David Leppert, Tatiana Plavina, Finn Sellebjerg, Caroline Sincock, Charlotte E. Teunissen, Ilir Topalli, Florian von Raison, Elizabeth Walker, Robert J. Fox
First published July 16, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010346
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Article Information

vol. 95 no. 10 436-444
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010346
PubMed: 
32675076
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received January 2, 2020
  • Accepted in final form June 26, 2020
  • First Published July 16, 2020.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Raju Kapoor, FRCP,
    2. Kathryn E. Smith, MS,
    3. Mark Allegretta, PhD,
    4. Douglas L. Arnold, MD,
    5. William Carroll, MBBS, MD,
    6. Manuel Comabella, MD, PhD,
    7. Roberto Furlan, MD,
    8. Christopher Harp, PhD,
    9. Jens Kuhle, MD,
    10. David Leppert, MD,
    11. Tatiana Plavina, PhD,
    12. Finn Sellebjerg, MD, PhD,
    13. Caroline Sincock, PhD,
    14. Charlotte E. Teunissen, PhD,
    15. Ilir Topalli, PhD,
    16. Florian von Raison, MD,
    17. Elizabeth Walker, PhD and
    18. Robert J. Fox, MD
  1. Raju Kapoor, FRCP,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Scientific Boards for the UK and Italian MS Societies and the Progressive MS Alliance

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Kathryn E. Smith, MS,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Consultant to the US National MS Society

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Mark Allegretta, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Douglas L. Arnold, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Alkermes, Biogen, Celgene, Frequency Therapeutics, GeNeuro, Genentech,F. Hoffmann-La Roche, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Wave Life Sciences

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. NeuroRx Research, President

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Biogen, Immunotec, Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. CIHR, MSSC

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. International Progressive MS Alliance

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. William Carroll, MBBS, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) MS Research Australia. Chair Research Review Board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Chair and speaker MS At the Limits. Travel and accommodation (2) Novartis travel assistance to attend ECTRIMS Stockholm (3) Biogen Idec travel assistance to attend AAN Philadelphia (4) Merck travel assistance to attend PACTRIMS Singapore

    Editorial Boards:

    1. MSJ; Multiple Sclerosis Journal. Editor Asia Pacific. Terminated October 2019

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Editor International Neurology. A Textbook of Neurology. Wiley Blackwell. 2009 - 2013.

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. President World Federation of Neurology. Patron PACTRIMS. Regular organisation of international meetings

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Manuel Comabella, MD, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I received speaking honoraria from Bayer Schering Pharma, Merk Serono, Biogen-Idec, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, Genzyme, and Novartis.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1)Journal of Neuroimmunology, Editorial advisory board, (2009-present) (2)Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Editorial advisory board, (2013-present) (3)PLoS ONE, Editorial advisory board, (2014-2016)

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM) 2014 - present. (2) Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (2014 - present)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Roberto Furlan, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Novartis

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. speaker honoraria from Merck Serono, Novartis, Biogen, and Roche

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Academic Editor of PLoS One since 2012

    Patents:

    1. (1) CSF microvesicles are a marker of microglial activation

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) EMD Serono

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)Italian Ministry for Health (2) Italian Ministry of University and Research

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Italian Foundation for Multiple Sclerosis (FISM)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Christopher Harp, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. (1) Genentech, Inc. a Member of the Roche Group, Scientist, 5 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Genentech, Inc. a Member of the Roche Group

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. (1) Genentech Inc., a Member of the Roche Group

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Jens Kuhle, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Bayer AG (2) Biogen (3) Celgene (4) Sanofi (5) Merck (4) Novartis (5) Roche

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Swiss National Research Foundation (320030_189140/1)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) ECTRIMS Research Fellowship Programme (2) University of Basel (3) Swiss MS Society

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. David Leppert, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Travel cost reimbursement and speaker honoraria from Sanofi, GeNeuro, Roche, Novartis and Orion

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. David Leppert has been a Novartis employee until January 2019.

    Consultancies:

    1. DL is a consultant for GeNeuro.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. David Leppert is CMO of GeNeuro. Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: Novartis granted 2019 blocked until 2022

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Tatiana Plavina, PhD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Tatiana Plavina was at the time of the manuscript compilation an employee of Biogen, a commercial for- profit company that may own or have rights in various patents and other IP that potentially relate to the subject matter of the submission

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Biogen, Director, Medical Research, 2000-October 2019. Quanterix, VP, Clinical Strategy, Oct 2020- currect

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Tatiana Plavina was, at the time of the manuscript compilation an employee of Biogen, and held stock of Biogen.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. Tatiana Plavina was, at the time of the manuscript compilation an employee of Biogen, and held stock of Biogen.

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. Biogen, 2000-current Quanterix 2019- current Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: Biogen, 2000-current

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Finn Sellebjerg, MD, PhD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Participation in advisory boards for Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Travel grants or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Section editor (immunology) for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders since 2012

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Member of steering committee for clinical trials for Merck and Roche. Consulting work for Novartis.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Research support from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Grant support from: Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Johnsen Foundation, Foundation for Research in Neurology, the Friis Foundation.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Caroline Sincock, PhD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Progressive MS Alliance, travel and accommodation costs to attend meetings

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Charlotte E. Teunissen, PhD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Roche.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Roche, payment to my institute.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. CCLM special issue editor. Alz Res Ther Editor.

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Ilir Topalli, PhD,
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Head of Data Generation, 2 years Biogen, Principal Scientist, 9 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. Florian von Raison, MD,
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Parkinson?s UK, London, UK (1) . Member of Research Strategy Board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Use of Safinamide in the treatment of Dyskinesia , 2011

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Novartis Pharmaceutical (Pharma SAS) , Global Drug Development, Therapeutic Area Head Neuroscience, 2012 till today

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. Stocks and RSU's received as employee from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  17. Elizabeth Walker, PhD and
    18. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Critical Path Institute National Multiple Sclerosis Society Angelman Syndrome Foundation Foundation for Angelman Syndrome Therapeutics

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. University of Washington

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  18. Robert J. Fox, MD
    19. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Actelion, Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, Immunic, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva, and TG Therapeutics

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Editorial Board, Neurology Editorial Board, Multiple Sclerosis Journal

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Demos Medical, 2019

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Actelion, Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, Immunic, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva, and TG Therapeutics

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Research grants from Novartis and Biogen

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National MS Society, RG 4778-A-6, 2013-2019; NIH 1U01NS082329-01A1, 2013-2019; Consortium of MS Centers

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the University College London (R.K.), United Kingdom; National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.E.S., M.A.), New York; McGill University (D.L.A.), Montreal, Canada; Perron Institute (W.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; University Hospital Vall d'Hebron (M.C.), Barcelona, Spain; San Raffaele Scientific Institute (R.F.), Milan, Italy; Genentech/Roche (C.H.), South San Francisco; University Hospital Basel (J.K., D.L.), Switzerland; Biogen (T.P.), Boston; Quanterix Corporation (T.P.), Billerica; Rigshospitalet (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Alliance (C.S.), Glasgow, United Kingdom; Amsterdam UMC (C.E.T.), the Netherlands; MedDay Pharma (I.T.), Paris, France; Novartis (F.v.R.), Basel, Switzerland; Elizabeth Walker Consulting (E.W.), Seattle; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Fox foxr{at}ccf.org
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