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October 20, 2020; 95 (16) Article

Association of genetic risk for Alzheimer disease and hearing impairment

Willa D. Brenowitz, Teresa J. Filshtein, Kristine Yaffe, Stefan Walter, Sarah F. Ackley, Thomas J. Hoffmann, Eric Jorgenson, Rachel A. Whitmer, M. Maria Glymour
First published September 2, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010709
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Article Information

vol. 95 no. 16 e2225-e2234
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010709
PubMed: 
32878991
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received November 11, 2019
  • Accepted in final form May 12, 2020
  • First Published September 2, 2020.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2020 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Willa D. Brenowitz, PhD, MPH,
    2. Teresa J. Filshtein, PhD,
    3. Kristine Yaffe, MD,
    4. Stefan Walter, PhD,
    5. Sarah F. Ackley, PhD,
    6. Thomas J. Hoffmann, PhD,
    7. Eric Jorgenson, PhD,
    8. Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD and
    9. M. Maria Glymour, ScD
  1. Willa D. Brenowitz, PhD, MPH,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NIA T32AG049663, trainee, 2017-2019 NIH/NIA K01AG062722, PI, 2019-current UCSF Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center funded by National Institute on Aging, P30 AG044281, REC scholar, 2019

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Alzheimer's Association, AARF-18-565846

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Teresa J. Filshtein, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. 1. 23andMe, Biostatistician, 10 months (all work for this paper was done prior to my employment here) Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: 1. 23andMe, unvested stock options in a private company

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Kristine Yaffe, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1)DSMB for Eli Lilly 2)DSMB for NIH sponsored trial 3)Beeson Scientific Advisory Board 4)Global Council on Brain Health 5)Board member of Alector

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. -Associate Editor, 2011-, International Review of Psychiatry -Editorial Board Member 2014-, Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease - Editorial Board Member 2017-, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions - Editorial Board Member 2018-, Translational Neurodegeneration

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. NIA K24 AG031155 06/13-11/20 PI:Yaffe Predictors of cognitive aging across the lifecourse 2. Sierra-Pacific VISN 10/09-09/23 Director Mental Illness Research, Educational and Clinical Center Psychiatric Fellowship 3. Sierra-Pacific VISN 10/09-09/23 PI of Dementia Research at SFVA Mental Illness Research, Educational and Clinical Center 4. Department of Defense W81XWH-16-1-0507 08/16-08/20 PI:Yaffe Risk and Resiliency for Dementia: Comparison of Male and Female Veterans 5. NIA RF1 AG054443 05/17-04/21 Multiple PI: Yaffe/ Zeki-Al Hazzouri Healthy Heart, Healthy Brain? A Pooled Life-course Cohort for Dementia Risk Assessment 6. NIA R01 AG057508 09/17-11/21 Multiple PI: Yaffe/Larson Systematic Multidomain Alzheimers Risk Reduction Trial (SMARRT) 7. NIA R01 AG054073 09/17-05/22 Multiple PI: Yaffe/O’Bryant/Toga Health Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Mexican Americans 8. NIA R01 AG058537 06/18-05/21 Multiple PI: Yaffe/O’Bryant An Alzheimer’s Blood Test for Primary Care 9. Department of Army W81XWH-18-1-0692 09/18-09/21 Multiple PI: Yaffe/Plassman Genetics, comorbidities, and ethnicity: Effects of TBI on Dementia 10. NIA R01 AG063887 09/19-05/23 Multiple PI: Yaffe/Sidney Lifecourse CVD Risk and Midlife Cognitive Trajectories and Brain Aging: Implications for Alzheimer’s and Dementia Prevention 11. NIA R01 AG066137 09/19-06/24 Multiple PI: Yaffe/O’Bryant Sleep Quality and Mechanistic Links to Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders among older Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites (HABLE-Dormir) 12. Department of Defense W81XWH-19-1-0669 10/19-09/23 Multiple PI: Yaffe/Gardner/Tosun Neuroimaging Endophenotypes & Predictors Post-TBI Dementia in A Nationwide Cohort of Veterans 13. Department of Defense/VA W81XWH-18-PH/TBIRP-LIMBIC I01CX002096 10/19-09/24 PI: Yaffe Long-Term Impact of Military-Relevant Brain Injury Consortium (LIMBIC): Epidemiological Study

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1)Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Doris Duke Fund to Retain Clinical Scientists 2) Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation Connection Between Depressive Symptoms and Dementia:When Best to Intervene?

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Stefan Walter, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Sarah F. Ackley, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Thomas J. Hoffmann, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH, R01HL128782NIH, P50GM115318NIH, R01HL140924NIH, K01DC013300

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Eric Jorgenson, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NEI/NEI, R01 EY027004 Role: Principal Investigator 07/01/17 – 05/31/21 NIH/NIDDK, R01 DK116738 Role: Principal Investigator 09/15/18 – 08/31/21 NIH/NCI, R01 CA2416323 Role: Contact Principal Investigator 04/01/20 -03/31/25

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD and
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institue of Health PI NIH/NIA1RF1AG056519-01Sep 15, 2017 - Jun 30, 2022 Role: Principal Investigator Epidemiology of Age-related Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Brain Pathology in a Multiethnic Cohort of Oldest-Old NIH/NIARF1AG056519Sep 15, 2017 - Jun 30, 2022 Role: Principal Investigator Early Vascular Contributions to Dementia Risk in African Americans NIH/NIA1R01AG050782Jan 1, 2017 - Dec 31, 2021 Role: Principal Investigator Early Vascular Contributions to Dementia Risk in African- Americans NIH/NIAR01AG050782Jan 1, 2017 - Dec 31, 2021 Role: Principal Investigator Lifecourse health, cerebral pathology and ethnic disparities in dementia NIHRF1AG052132Jun 1, 2016 - May 31, 2021 Role: Principal Investigator

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. M. Maria Glymour, ScD
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Organizing committee for the MEthods in Longitudinal Research on DEMentia (MELODEM) initiative (no compensation; paid travel expenses and lodging at the meeting)

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. J Causal Inference, Associate editor, 2016- PLOS one, Academic editor, 2012- American Journal of Epidemiology, Associate Editor 2015-2019 (no compensation for any) Am J Epi, Associate Editor 2019- Neurology, Associate Editor 2019-

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Social Epidemiology, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press 2014

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. I have been a full time employee of the University of California, San Francisco, as an associate professor or professor, for 7 years.

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Current: 1R01AG051170 (PI: Jones) 09/15/15-05/31/20 0.24 Calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $50,026 Psychometric Integrative Technology for Cognitive Health Research The goal of the project is to harmonize brief cognitive assessments across diverse international samples and advise on the optimal measures for harmonized cross-national cohorts sponsored. 1RF1AG052132 (mPI: Whitmer/Mungas/DeCarli/Glymour) 06/01/16-05/31/21 0.12 Calendar NIH/NIA $61,194 Lifecourse health, cerebral pathology, and ethnic disparities in dementia This project will establish a cohort of African American, Latino, Asian, and non-Latino white older adults from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership, enrolling participants in the multiphasic health study which assessed health and social risk factors in the 1960s- 1980s. The cohort will be used to understand racial/ethnic patterns in cognitive aging and dementia, linking with lifelong data on medical history and health. RF1AG056164 (PI: Manly) 09/01/16-06/30/21 0.24 Calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $57,430 Project Talent Aging Study Dr. Glymour is a social epidemiologist with expertise in causal inference, mediation analyses in lifecourse epidemiology and research in cognitive aging and stroke. 1RF1AG050782-01A1 (PI: Whitmer) 01/01/17-12/31/21 0.24 Calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $25,650 Lifecourse Vascular Contributions to Dementia Risk in African-Americans Dr. Glymour will work closely with the PIs, Dr. Whitmer in specifying, implementing, and interpreting tests of early and mid-life determinants of cognitive aging and dementia. She will also help with the linkage of study participants’ records to historical data sources on educational quality or community risk factors based on temporal and geographic linking variables. RF1AG055486 (mPI Zeki Al-Hazzouri/Glymour) 06/15/17-05/31/21 0.3 Calendar NIH/NIA $122,140 A Binational Study to Understand Dementia Risk and Disparities of Mexican Americans: The Role of Migration and Social Determinants In this project, we will create a binational study of two nationally representative cohorts from the US and Mexico to study how migration influences dementia risk of Mexican Americans and factors that increase or reduce dementia risk in Mexican Americans. R01EY027004 (PI: Jorgenson) 07/01/2017-05/31/2021 0.24 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NEI $56,138 The Role of Refractive Error in the Etiology of Glaucoma The goal of the proposal is to identify genetic loci contributing to glaucoma susceptibility in the context of myopia. RF1AG056519 (PI: Whitmer) 07/01/2017-06/30/2022 0.24 calendar NIH/NIA $46,537 Role: Co-I Epidemiology of Age-related Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Brain Pathology in a Multiethnic Cohort of Oldest-Old This study is to evaluate the drivers of cognitive function, cognitive decline, and dementia risk in a cohort of individuals ages 90+ at baseline. The unique sample is drawn from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership and will allow linkage of information from multiple sources including interviews, neuroimaging, and medical records. P01AG041710 (PI: Berkman) 09/30/2017-05/31/2022 0.24 calendar NIH/NIA $10,431 Role: Co-I Health and Aging in Africa: Longitudinal Studies of an INDEPTH Community (HAALSI) This study fields the HAALSI cohort of older South Africans living in Agincourt, in order to evaluate predictors of healthy aging in a group of individuals with unique life experiences and exposures. This program project will collect new data on the cohort in order to evaluate social and physical predictors of physical health, outcomes among HIV infected individuals, and cognitive aging. 1R01AG054066 (PI: Berkman) 09/30/2018-05/31/2023 0.24 calendar NIH/NIA $49,013 Role: Co-I Cognitive Function, Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders in the HAALSI Cohort The goal: is to identify the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Re- lated Dementias (ADRD) and associated biological and social risk factors in a population-based cohort of South African men and women aged 40 and over living in Agincourt, South Africa. R01AG057869 (mPI: Glymour/Power) 09/01/2018-04/30/2023 1.38 calendar NIH/NIA $672,754 Closing the gap between observational research and randomized trials for prevention of Alzheimer's Disease and dementia This project integrates evidence on the association between vascular risk factors and cognitive outcomes from observational studies in order to create a simulation platform to mirror proposed RCTs. The project will allow researchers to try out novel proposals to anticipate plausible effect sizes, select ideal eligibility criteria and measures. R01AG059872 (PI: Glymour) 08/15/2018-04/30/2022 1.32 calendar NIH/NIA $825,600 The inverse association between cancer and Alzheimers disease: comparing spurious and causal explanations to illuminate the causes of Alzheimers disease This project seeks to evaluate and explore the previously documented inverse association between cancer and the rate of Alzheimer’s, using new data from the Health and Retirement Study and the UK Biobank. R01DK116738 (PI: Jorgenson/Ahituv) 09/15/2018-08/31/2021 0.30 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NEI $161,376 Genetic Etiology of Abdominal Hernia Susceptibility The goal of the proposal is to identify of hernia associated regulatory elements and experimental characterization of their function. 1R01HD090014 (PI: Osypuk) 09/19/2017-05/31/2021 0.24 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NICHD $20,749 Health, Neighborhood Context, and Mobility This project uses data on higher education attendance of US Millennials linked to information on quality and for-profit status of colleges to evluate whether health benefits accrue to students differentially based on the quality of the college they attend. 1R01AG063385-01A1 (PI: Hamad) 05/01/2019 – 02/29/2024 0.24 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $372,764 Using a Natural Experiment to Evaluate the Long-Term Effects of Neighborhood Deprivation on Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Risk Factors This project proposes to the examine the effects of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation on Alzheimer’s disease and its vascular risk factors. It leverages a policy in Denmark that quasi-randomly dispersed incoming refugees to neighborhoods across the country, as well as rich Danish register data on individual and neighborhood characteristics. R56AG061177 (PI: Zeki Al Hazzouri) 08/15/2019-07/31/2020 0.84 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $478,358 Statins and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Novel Quasi-Experimental Approach to Identify Causal Effects. This grant leverages a change in the availability of statin medications to patients in UK health systems to estimate the effects of statins on ADRD. My role is to assist with IV methods. R03AG063260 (PI: Yokoyama) 04/01/2019-12/31/2020 0.72 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA $100,000 Sex in Alzheimer disease The overall long-term goal of this project is to accelerate the development of effective treatments that modify the trajectory of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. The rationale for this project is the pressing need for tools that have been validated in different healthcare settings to identify when and which older individuals are at risk for cognitive decline, which is of utmost importance for early diagnosis and intervention. 2U54GM118985 (PI: Bibbins-Domingo) 07/01/2019 – 06/30/2024 0.36 Calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIMHD $439,013 SF State BUILD: Enabling Students to Represent in Science Collaborative efforts between UCSF CVP and SFSU to enhance the academic qualifications of the underrepresented minority BUILD scholars and also promote faculty exchanges between the two institutions, thereby transforming both institutions, and strengthening the existing long-term partnership. R01AG066132 (PI: Gilsanz) 09/01/2019-08/31/2024 1.2 calendar Role: Co-I NIH/NIA Contributions of educational quality and occupational complexity on racial and ethnic inequities in brain health and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia This proposal will leverage information from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) to examine the role of education quality and occupational complexity on cognitive decline, ADRD, and markers of vascular brain injury and neurodegeneration in 2,440 individuals ages 55-101.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Evidence for Action Grants Program, associate director, 2015-(this supports part of my salary)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.B., K.Y.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y., S.F.A., T.J.H., M.M.G.), Department of Neurology (K.Y.), and Institute for Human Genetics (T.J.H.), University of California, San Francisco; 23andMe (T.J.F.), Mountain View; San Francisco VA Health Care System (K.Y.), CA; Department of Medicine and Public Health (S.W.), Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research (E.J.), Oakland; and Public Health Sciences (R.A.W.), Division of Epidemiology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Brenowitz willa.brenowitz{at}ucsf.edu
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