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January 12, 2021; 96 (2) Views & ReviewsOpen Access

Worldwide Incidence and Prevalence of Neuromyelitis Optica

A Systematic Review

Viktoria Papp, Melinda Magyari, Orhan Aktas, Thomas Berger, Simon A. Broadley, Philippe Cabre, Anu Jacob, Jun-ichi Kira, Maria Isabel Leite, Romain Marignier, Katsuichi Miyamoto, Jacqueline Palace, Albert Saiz, Maria Sepulveda, Olafur Sveinsson, Zsolt Illes
First published December 11, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011153
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Article Information

vol. 96 no. 2 59-77
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011153
PubMed: 
33310876
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received January 6, 2020
  • Accepted in final form September 30, 2020
  • First Published December 11, 2020.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Viktoria Papp, MD, PhD,
    2. Melinda Magyari, MD, PhD,
    3. Orhan Aktas, MD,
    4. Thomas Berger, MD,
    5. Simon A. Broadley, MD, PhD,
    6. Philippe Cabre, MD,
    7. Anu Jacob, MD,
    8. Jun-ichi Kira, MD, PhD,
    9. Maria Isabel Leite, MD, DPhil,
    10. Romain Marignier, MD, PhD,
    11. Katsuichi Miyamoto, MD, PhD,
    12. Jacqueline Palace, MD,
    13. Albert Saiz, MD, PhD,
    14. Maria Sepulveda, MD,
    15. Olafur Sveinsson, MD, PhD and
    16. Zsolt Illes, MD, PhD
  1. Viktoria Papp, MD, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. support for scientific meetings from Merck and Sanofi- Genzyme speaker honoraria from Alexion

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Odense University Hospital Research Fund: R72-A3846 the Danish MS Society: R561-A39086

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Melinda Magyari, MD, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1)Biogen (2)Teva (3) Sanofi (3)Roche (4) Merck (5) Novartis (6) Alexion (7) Abbvie

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1)Biogen (2)Teva (3) Sanofi (4)Novartis (5) Almirall

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Roche (2) KORA: Det Nationale Institut for Kommuners og Regioners Analyse og Forskning (2) Department of Clinical Epidemiology Århus University

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1)Biogen (2)Teva (3) Sanofi (3)Roche (4) Merck (5) Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society Fonden for Neurologisk Forskning Direktør Ejnar Jonasson, kaldet Johnsen og Hustru’s Mindelegat Lundbeck Fonden

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Orhan Aktas, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Medimmune Scientific Advisory Board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Bayer, travel and speaker honoraria (2) Novartis, travel and speaker honoraria (3) Biogen, travel and speaker honoraria (4) Merck Serono, travel and speaker honoraria (5) Teva, travel and speaker honoraria (6) Sanofi-Genzyme, travel and speaker honoraria (7) Roche, travel and speaker honoraria (8) Almirall, speaker honoraria (9) Alexion, travel and speaker honoraria (10) Celgene, travel and speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) PLoS ONE, Academic Editor, since 2012

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Novartis (2) Celgene

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Sanofi-Genzyme (3) Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) German Ministry of Science (BMBF), PI for NationNMO/KKNMS (NationNMO‐PAT FKZ 01GI1602B), since 2016

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) German Research Foundation (DFG), PI in GRK2578, since 2020

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Thomas Berger, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Celgene (3) MedDay (4) Merck (5) Novartis (6) Roche (7) Sanofi Aventis/Genzyme

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Celgene (3) Merck (4) Novartis (5) Roche (6) Sanofi Aventis/Genzyme (7) Almirall (8) Bionorica (9) Biologix (10) UCB

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Simon A. Broadley, MD, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Alexion, (2) Biogen Idec, (3) Merck, (4) Roche, (5) NervGen, (6) Novartis, (7) Roche, (8) Sanofi

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Roche, speakers honoraria, (2) Merck, travel sponsorship, (3) Biogen Idec, travel sponsorship, (4) Sanofi, speakers honoraria, (5) Roche, speakers honoraria, (6) Sanofi-Genzyme, travel sponsorship, (7) Roche, travel sponsorship

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical, Editor, 0.4 years

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, I chair the Research Management Committee (granting body) (2) Australian and New Zealand Assocaition of Neurologists, I chair the MS Neurology Group

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Health and Medical Research Council, 1127819, CI, 2017-21, (2) Australian Research Council, DP180100089, CI, 2018-20, (3) National Health and Medical Research Council (Medical Research Future Fund), 1152317, CI, 2018-20

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Gold Coast Hospital Foundation, RGS2017-LG0003, CI, 2018- 19

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Philippe Cabre, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Anu Jacob, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Shire Pharmaceuticals SINAPPS trial ( Addenbrookes hospital UK )

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Honoraria for speaking on NMO from Biogen Idec and Shire Terumo BCT, Veilo Bio Pharamecuticals

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Commercial Entity Shire Pharmaceuticals

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Honoraria for speaking on NMO from Biogen Idec, Shire,Terumo BCT, Veilo Bio

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. UK NHS -NMO service

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Jun-ichi Kira, MD, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. JK received speaking fees and/or honoraria from (1) Novartis Pharma, (2) Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, (3) Boehringer Ingelheim, (4) Teijin Pharma, (5) the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, (6) Otsuka Pharmaceutical, (7) Astellas Pharma, (8) Pfizer Japan, and (9) Eisai.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Editorial Board Member, 2006-, (2) BMC Medicine, Editorial Board Member, 2010-, (3) Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Editorial Board Member, 2010-, (4) Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Editorial Board Member, Section Editor, 2011-, (5) PLOS ONE, Editorial Board Member, 2011-, (6) Frontiers in Immunology, Associate Editor, 2017-

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Biogen Japan (consultancy, since 2009)

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Novartis Pharma, (2) Boehringer Ingelheim, (3) Teijin Pharma, (4) Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, (5) Otsuka Pharmaceutical, (6) Astellas Pharma, (7) Pfizer Japan, (8) Eisai, (9) Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharmaceutical, (10) Tanabe- Mitsubishi Pharmaceutical, (11) Japan Blood Products Organization, (12) Bayer

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (MEXT KAKENHI), 25117012, Principal Investigator, 2013-2018, (2) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (MEXT KAKENHI), 25117001, Co- investigator, 2013-2018, (3) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (MEXT KAKENHI), 15K21729, Co-investigator, 2015-2018, (4) Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (JSPS KAKENHI), 15K15341, Principal Investigator, 2015-2017, (5) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI), 15K09343, Co- investigator, 2015-2018, (6) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI), 16K10727, Co- investigator, 2016-2019, (7) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (JSPS KAKENHI), 16H02657, Principal Investigator, 2016-2019, (8) Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (JSPS KAKENHI), 17K19663, Principal Investigator, 2017-2019, (9) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI), 18K07529, Co- investigator, 2018-2021, (10) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (JSPS KAKENHI), 19H01045, Principal Investigator, 2019-2022, (11) Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Maria Isabel Leite, MD, DPhil,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Dr. Maria Isabel Leite is supported by NHS National Specialised Commissioning Group for Neuromyelitis Optica, UK, and by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and has received travel grant and speaking honoraria from Biogen Idec and travel grant from Novartis.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neuromuscular Disorders, editorial board member, from January 2014

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Romain Marignier, MD, PhD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Dr Marignier is serving on a scientific advisory board of Viela Bio

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Romain Marignier has received lecturing fees and travel grants from Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi Aventis and Teva Pharma

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Katsuichi Miyamoto, MD, PhD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Jacqueline Palace, MD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. All commercial (advisory boards last 2 years) 1) Merck Serono 2) Roche 3) ARGENX 4) Chugai 5) Novartis 6) UCB 7) Alexion

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. All commercial (speakers/meetings honorarium last two years) 1) Merck Serono 2) Novartis 3) Viela Bio 4) UCB 5) Roche 6) Alexion

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. ISIS Innovation Ltd. To protect for the use of metabolomics as a method to diagnose and stage disease in multiple sclerosis. Reference EP2812690B1

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. All commercial (advisory boards last two years) 1) Merck Serono 2) Roche 3) Argenx 4) Chugai 5) Novartis 6) UCB 7) Alexion Commercial (consultancy) 1) Merck Serono 2) UCB 3)RA Pharma 4) Mitsubushi 5) Roche 6) Amplo 7) Alexion

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Please see 3 (speaker/meetings)

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. All commercial (support for research) 1) Merck Serono 2) MedImmune

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Grant for research: 1) Multiple Sclerosis Society 2) Guthry Jackson 3) NIHR 4) Medical Research Council 5) MyWare Clinical Training Fellowship 6) SPARKS Great Ormond Street 7)AMPLO

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Albert Saiz, MD, PhD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. compensation for consulting services and speaker honoraria from Bayer-Schering, Merck-Serono, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Alexion,and Roche

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Maria Sepulveda, MD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I have received speaking honoraria from: 1)Sanofi, type of payment: 500 euros for a talk 2) Novartis, 300 euros for a talk 2)Biogen, 500 euros for a talk

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. I have received a grant from the Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, number SLT002/16/00354, as neurologist, from 2017 to 2019.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Olafur Sveinsson, MD, PhD and
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1) Advisory board for Biogen Idec on the medication Plegridy for MS.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1) Travel funding from Biogen Idec 2) Travel funding from UCB 3) Travel funding from Sandoz

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1) Consultant for Biogen Idec on Plegridy and Zinbryta.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. Received consulting fees from Biogen, other from Biogen, other from UCB and Sandoz, outside the submitted work.

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) The study was supported by Stockholm County Council, GlaxoSmithKline and Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE).

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. Zsolt Illes, MD, PhD
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Novartis (3) Sanofi-Aventis-Genzyme (4) Teva Pharmaceuticals (5) Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen Idec (2) Novartis (3) Sanofi-Aventis-Genzyme (4) Teva Pharmaceuticals (5) Bayer Healthcare (6) Merck Serono (7) Roche

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology (2) Frontiers in Neurology (3) Frontiers in Immunology

    Patents:

    1. Lambertsen K, Clausen B, Nielsen HH, Finsen B, Illes Z. 2015. Fumaric acid derivates for Medical use. No. PCT/DK2015/050344. The use of fumaric acid derivates in acute ischemic stroke.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Merck (2) Sanofi-Genzyme

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Region of Southern Denmark, primary investigator, 2014 Odense University Hospital, primary investigator, 2016

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Scleroseforeningen (2) Lundbeckfonden (3) Direktor Ejnar Jonasson, kaldet Johnsen, og Hustru's Mindelegat (4) Jascha Fonden

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Neurology (V.P., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.M.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Neurology (O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Menzies Health Institute Queensland (S.A.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast; Department of Neurology (S.A.B.), Gold Coast University Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.C.), Fort-de-France University Hospital Center, Pierre Zobda Quitman Hospital, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Cleveland Clinic (A.J.), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Departments of Neurology (J.K., J.P.), Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.I.L., J.P.), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, et Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Kindai University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Center of Neuroimmunology (A.S., M.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (O.S.), Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Clinical Research (Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Illes zsolt.illes{at}rsyd.dk
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