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February 09, 2021; 96 (6) Article

Association of Ventricular Arrhythmias With Dementia

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Faye L. Norby, Alvaro Alonso, Mary R. Rooney, Ankit Maheshwari, Ryan J. Koene, Michael Zhang, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Laura R. Loehr, Thomas Mosley, Rebecca F. Gottesman, Josef Coresh, Lin Y. Chen
First published October 26, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011122
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Article Information

vol. 96 no. 6 e926-e936
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011122
PubMed: 
33106393
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received April 6, 2020
  • Accepted in final form October 12, 2020
  • First Published October 26, 2020.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2020 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Faye L. Norby, PhD, MPH,
    2. Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD,
    3. Mary R. Rooney, PhD, MPH,
    4. Ankit Maheshwari, MD,
    5. Ryan J. Koene, MD,
    6. Michael Zhang, MD,
    7. Elsayed Z. Soliman, MD, MS,
    8. Laura R. Loehr, MD, PhD,
    9. Thomas Mosley, PhD,
    10. Rebecca F. Gottesman, MD, PhD,
    11. Josef Coresh, MD, PhD and
    12. Lin Y. Chen, MD, MS
  1. Faye L. Norby, PhD, MPH,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Apple Inc. Serving on Data and Safety Monitoring Board of Apple Heart Study (2) Corify. Serving on Scientific Monitoring Board.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) American Journal of Epidemiology, Associate Editor, 2010-2020, (3) Epidemiology, Editorial Board member, 2013-2020, (4) Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 2017-2020

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIH/NHLBI, R01HL122200, PI, 2015-2018 (2) NIH/NHLBI, R01HL137338, PI, 2018-2022 (3) NIH/NIA, R21AG058445, PI, 2017-2019 (4) NIH/NHLBI, K24HL148521, PI 2019-2024

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) American Heart Association, 16EIA26410001

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Mary R. Rooney, PhD, MPH,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Ankit Maheshwari, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Ryan J. Koene, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Michael Zhang, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Elsayed Z. Soliman, MD, MS,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Laura R. Loehr, MD, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NHLBI/NIH, 11/15/2016 – 11/14/202, contract numbers: HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700005I, The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study ;

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Thomas Mosley, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) NIH, HHSN268201100010C, PI, 11/2010 - 11/2016 2) NIH, U01HL096917, PI, 07/2010-04/2014 3) NIH, R01HL103695, site PI, investigator, 04/2011- 03/2015 4) NIH, R01HL105626, site PI,09/2011-06/2015 5) NIH, R01AG040282, site PI, 09/2011-05/2016 6) NIH, U01CA164975, site PI, 05/2012-04/2017 7) NIH, R01HL116900, site PI, 08/2013-07/2017

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Rebecca F. Gottesman, MD, PhD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurology, Associate Editor, 2015-2020

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Florbetapir isotope (18F-AV-45) provided for investigator-initiated research by Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institutes of Health/ National Institute on Aging. 1R01AG040282, Principal Investigator, 9/2011-8/2021 RF1 AG050745, Multiple Principal Investigator, 4/2016-3/2021 NIH/NIH K24 AG052573, Principal Investigator NIH (NHLBI/NIA/NINDS) U01 HL096812, Principal Investigator, 12/1/2019- 11/30/2023

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Josef Coresh, MD, PhD and
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH and NKF Grants: Role: Co-Principal Investigator Project: ARIC Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS) Renewal Period of support: 9/25/2019 – 9/24/2023 [No cost extension requested] Funding source: NIH/NHLBI Funding level: Total cost, year 1: $9,888,004 (Total including all subcontracts ∼$35 M) Large Grant: Co-PI, Epidemiology (Neurology – Gottesman) Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: To add MRI and PET imaging to study the vascular basis of cognitive and physical decline as well as resilience in the ARIC cohort. Annual examinations in 2020-2023 with continued surveillance for events since 1987. We aim to elucidate factors underlying ethnic disparities in dementia burden and provide the scientific basis for prevention strategies by identifying vascular therapeutic targets, optimal timing for interventions and useful intermediate outcomes. Role: Principal Investigator (starting 1/1/2002) Project: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Field Center - Core Study Operations Period of support: 11/15/2016 - 11/14/2021 Funding source: NIH/NHLBI Funding level: $1,831,960 Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: Follow the original ARIC cohort (15,792 men and women, ages 45-65 in 1987-1989) for cardiovascular outcomes related to exposures in midlife and late life. Semi-annual calls and chart reviews update health status, code all hospitalizations (>5,000/year) and adjudicate cardiovascular events. New visits update risk factor and outcome information (Visit 7: 2017-2018). Role: Co-Principal Investigator Project: Aging, Cognition, and Hearing Evaluation in Elders (ACHIEVE) Randomized Trial Period of support: 6/1/2017 - 5/31/2022 Funding source: NIH/NIA Funding level: Total direct cost, year 1: $3,340,518 Total all years: ∼$15.5M Principal Inv.: Josef Coresh/Frank Lin Objective: To use a controlled randomized design to assess whether hearing intervention can slow cognitive decline and prevent mild-cognitive impairment in older adults. Design leverages the sterngths of the ARIC centers and cohort. Role: Principal investigator Project: Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium (CKD-PC) Period of support: 5/15/2018 - 3/31/2023 Funding source: NIH/NIDDK Funding level: Total direct cost, year 1: $475,075 Total costs all years: $3.6M Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Prognosis Consortium (CKD-PC) will use state-of-the-art analysis methods to address pressing questions needed to optimize CKD care and research. The consortium comprises ∼200 investigators from ∼80 cohorts world-wide including over 10 Million participants; new cohorts join each year. CKD- PC developed a track record of producing high impact papers to inform clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies as well as advance knowledge related to CKD progression, risk scores and additional pressing questions. Role: Principal Investigator Project: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Institutional Training Period of support: 7/1/2015 - 6/30/2020 [Renewal funded 2020-2025; score 11] Funding source: NIH/NHLBI Funding level: $650,690 Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: Train leaders in cardiovascular epidemiology at both the pre-doctoral (7 slots) and post- doctoral (5 slots) level. Additional work on this grant is supported by general funds and responsibilities for mentorship and teaching within other funded activities including the ICTR/CTSA. Role: Principal investigator Project: CKD Biomarker Consortium-Phase 2: Risk Markers in Blood Period of support: 9/14/2015 - 7/31/2020 Funding source: NIH/NIDDK Funding level: Total direct cost, year 1: $295,930 Total: 2.1M Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: This proposal will extend work on biomarkers for chronic kidney disease and focus on small molecules (metabolites) whose levels predict higher risk of progression to dialysis or kidney transplantation. The area is particularly promising new technologies (metabolomics) are available, the kidneys filter all small molecules and toxic ones can often be changed by diet or other treatments. Role: Co-Principal Investigator Project: Hyperkalemia in CKD: Prevalence, Patterns & Association with Adverse Outcomes AKI in Non-cardiac Surgeries Period of support: 5/15/2015 - 5/15/2021 (no cost extension) Funding source: NKF Funding level: $660,000 Principal Inv.: Coresh (Co-PI: Grams) Objective: The goal of this project is to determine the prevalence and patterns of hyperkalemia by stage of CKD and quantify the association of hyperkalemia with cardiovascular disease events and mortality, including sudden cardiac death. Role: Co-Principal Investigator Project: Predictive models of incidence of CKD and progression of CKD Period of support: 6/19/2018 - 3/31/2021 (no cost extension) Funding source: NKF Funding level: $200,000 Principal Inv.: Coresh (Co-PI: Grams) Objective: Model CKD incidence and progression focused on established major risk factors. Co-Investigator & Subcontract Principal Investigator: Role: Co-Investigator Project: Vitamin D Supplements to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: A Dose-Response Trial Period of support: 7/1/2014 - 3/31/2020 (no cost extension) Funding source: NIH/NIA Funding level: $1,326,049 Principal Inv.: Appel Objective: Vitamin D supplements might substantially reduce the risk of falls, potentially by more than 25%. The proposed study is a clinical trial that will determine the effects of 4 doses of vitamin D (200 IU/day, 1000 IU/day, 2000 IU/d and 4000 IIU/d) as a means to prevent falls in high-risk adults, ages 70 and older. Results of this trial will be directly relevant to public health and clinical guidelines, and will immediately influence policy. Role: Co-Investigator Project: Metabolomics and Genomics in African Americans with CKD Period of support: 6/13/2016 - 3/31/2020 Funding source: NIH/NIDDK Funding level: $395,000 Principal Inv.: Grams Objective: To improve our understanding of gene function and metabolomic consequences of genetic variants relate to CKD incidence. Role: Co-Investigator Project: Quantifying Cardiovascular Calcification at Very Old Age for Personalized Risk Classification Period of support: 5/1/2017 - 3/31/2022 Funding source: NIH/NHLBI Funding level: $659,114 Principal Inv.: Blaha/Matsushita Objective: To evaluate the burden and prognostic values of calcification of different cardiovascular regions (e.g., coronary, aortic valve, and thoracic aorta), with implications on personalized preventive strategy of cardiovascular disease in older adults and healthy vascular aging. Role: Co-Investicagor Project: Medication Use and Adverse Events in CKD Period of support: 8/1/2018 - 7/31/2022 Funding source: NIH/NIDDK Funding level: $495,357 Principal Inv.: Grams/Inker Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the risk and benefits of specific medications across the range of kidney function within five large, global electronic health records. Role: Co-Investigator Project: Diabetes and Prediabetes in Older Adults in ARIC Period of support: 1/1/2016 - 12/31/2020 Funding source: NIH/NIDDK Funding level: $560,827 Principal Inv.: Selvin Objective: The overarching goal of this study is to provide evidence to inform best practices for screening and clinical management of older adults with prediabetes or diabetes. Role: Principal Investigator (subcontract) Project: Significance of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Fibrillation Burden Detected by Novel ECG Monitoring in Community-Dwelling Elderly Period of support: 3/1/2016 - 1/31/2021 Funding source: NIH/University of Minnesota Funding level: $56,604 Principal Inv.: Coresh Objective: This grant will offer 2-week continuous ECG monitoring to all ARIC participants, describe the arrhythmia patterns discovered and relate them concurrent and subsequent outcomes. Role: Co-Investigator Project: Profiling Cardiovascular Events and Biomarkers in the Very Old to Improve Personalized Approaches for the Prevention of Cardiac and Vascular Disease Period of support: 9/1/2016 - 8/31/2021 Funding source: NIH/Baylor College of Medicine Funding level: $695,688 Principal Inv.: Selvin Objective: To develop a risk prediction tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in older adults.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Lin Y. Chen, MD, MS
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Circulation Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology - Editorial Board member

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NHLBI, R01 HL126637, 2016-21, PI NHLBI, R01HL141288, 2018-22, PI

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (F.L.N.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Epidemiology (M.R.R., J.C.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute (A.M.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA; Aultman Medical Group (R.J.K.), Aultman Hospital, Canton, OH; Cardiac Arrhythmia Center (M.Z., L.Y.C.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Epidemiology (E.Z.S.), Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine (L.R.L.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Medicine (T.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (R.F.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Norby flopez{at}umn.edu
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