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Abstract
Objective To determine whether mixed location intracerebral hemorrhages/microbleeds (mixed ICH) is a risk factor for vascular unfavorable outcome compared to cerebral amyloid angiopathy–related ICH (CAA-ICH) or strictly deep hypertensive ICH/microbleeds (HTN-ICH).
Methods A total of 300 patients with spontaneous ICH were included. Clinical data, neuroimaging markers, and follow-up outcomes (recurrent ICH, ischemic stroke, and vascular death) were compared among mixed ICH (n = 148), CAA-ICH (n = 32), and HTN-ICH (n = 120). The association between follow-up events and neuroimaging markers was explored using multivariable Cox regression models.
Results Patients with mixed ICH were older (65.6 ± 12.1 years vs 58.1 ± 13.3 years, p < 0.001) than patients with HTN-ICH, but younger than patients with CAA-ICH (73.3 ± 13.8 years, p = 0.001). Compared to CAA-ICH, mixed ICH had similar incidence of vascular events (all p > 0.05). Compared to HTN-ICH, mixed ICH is associated with higher ICH recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–7.7), more ischemic stroke (HR 8.2, 95% CI 1.0–65.8), and vascular composite outcome (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.2) after adjustment for age and sex. In patients with mixed ICH, the presence of cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) is associated the development of ICH recurrence (HR 4.8, 95% CI 1.0–23.2), ischemic stroke (HR 8.8, 95% CI 1.7–45.5), and vascular composite outcome (HR 6.2, 95% CI 1.9–20.2). The association between cSS and ischemic stroke (p = 0.01) or vascular composite outcome (p = 0.003) remained significant after further adjustment for other radiologic markers.
Conclusions Mixed ICH harbors higher risk of unfavorable vascular outcome than HTN-ICH. Presence of cSS in mixed ICH independently predicts vascular event, suggesting the contribution of detrimental effect due to coexisting CAA.
Glossary
- BG=
- basal ganglia;
- CAA=
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- cSS=
- cortical superficial siderosis;
- CSO=
- centrum semiovale;
- CSVD=
- cerebral small vessel disease;
- EPVS=
- enlarged perivascular spaces;
- HR=
- hazard ratio;
- HTN-SVD=
- hypertensive small vessel disease;
- ICH=
- intracerebral hemorrhage;
- MB=
- microbleed;
- NTUH=
- National Taiwan University Hospital;
- SWI=
- susceptibility-weighted imaging
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/Nhttps://n.neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011378 for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
- Received July 20, 2020.
- Accepted in final form October 15, 2020.
- © 2020 American Academy of Neurology
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