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December 07, 2021; 97 (23) Research Article

Frequency of Neurologic Manifestations in COVID-19

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Shubham Misra, Kavitha Kolappa, Manya Prasad, Divya Radhakrishnan, Kiran T. Thakur, Tom Solomon, Benedict Daniel Michael, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Ettore Beghi, Alla Guekht, Carlos A. Pardo, Greta Karen Wood, Sherry Hsiang-Yi Chou, Ericka L. Fink, Erich Schmutzhard, Amir Kheradmand, Fan Kee Hoo, Amit Kumar, Animesh Das, Achal K. Srivastava, Ayush Agarwal, Tarun Dua, Kameshwar Prasad
First published October 11, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012930
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Article Information

vol. 97 no. 23 e2269-e2281
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012930
PubMed: 
34635561
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received May 5, 2021
  • Accepted in final form September 30, 2021
  • First Published October 11, 2021.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2021 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Shubham Misra, MTech,
    2. Kavitha Kolappa, MD,
    3. Manya Prasad, MD,
    4. Divya Radhakrishnan, DM,
    5. Kiran T. Thakur, MD,
    6. Tom Solomon, FRCP,
    7. Benedict Daniel Michael, PhD,
    8. Andrea Sylvia Winkler, PhD,
    9. Ettore Beghi, MD,
    10. Alla Guekht, MD,
    11. Carlos A. Pardo, MD,
    12. Greta Karen Wood, MRes,
    13. Sherry Hsiang-Yi Chou, MD,
    14. Ericka L. Fink, MD,
    15. Erich Schmutzhard, MD,
    16. Amir Kheradmand, MD,
    17. Fan Kee Hoo, MD,
    18. Amit Kumar, PhD,
    19. Animesh Das, DM,
    20. Achal K. Srivastava, DM,
    21. Ayush Agarwal, DM,
    22. Tarun Dua, MD and
    23. Kameshwar Prasad, DM
  1. Shubham Misra, MTech,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) DST-INSPIRE Fellow, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Kavitha Kolappa, MD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. I am a consultant full-time for the World Health Organization Brain Health Unit (January 2020 until present).

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Manya Prasad, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Divya Radhakrishnan, DM,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Assistant Editor, Annals of Movement Disorders (AOMD) 2021

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Kiran T. Thakur, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. World Health Organization

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NICHD/NIH 1R01HD074944-01, NINDS K23 NS105935-01, Center for Disease Control and Prevention Funding, Center for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Program Consultant

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Tom Solomon, FRCP,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Data safety monitoring board: Study of Ebola vaccine ChAd3-EBO-Z - Commercial entity. (2) TS was Chair of the Siemens Healthineers Clinical Advisory Board (3) TS was Chair of the Siemens Diagnostics Clinical Advisory Board (4) TS is a panel member of the MHRA Covid-19 Vaccine Benefit Risk Expert Working Group

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) World Congress of Neurology, travel expenses (2) South East Asia Encephalitis project, travel expenses (3) European Commission, travel expenses (4) WHO, Travel expenses

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Test for bacterial meningitis based on a blood test, filed for patent (No. GB 1606537.7 14th April 2016). Patent Pending.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIHR HPRU Chief Investigator 2014-2018 (1) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections (Grant No. NIHR200907) (2) NIHR Global Health Research Group on Brain Infections (No. 17/63/110) (3) The UK Medical Research Council’s Global Effort on COVID-19 Programme (MR/V033441/1) (4) COVID-19 Clinical Neuroscience Study (COVID-CNS, MR/V03605X/1) Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: (1) Commercial entity, TS holds shares in Medefer Solutions

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Benedict Daniel Michael, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. BDM is supported to conduct COVID-19 neuroscience research by the UKRI/MRC (MR/V03605X/1); for additional neurological inflammation research due to viral infection BDM is also supported by grants from the MRC/UKRI (MR/V007181//1), MRC (MR/T028750/1) and Wellcome (ISSF201902/3).

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Andrea Sylvia Winkler, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Swiss Network for International Studies

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Supported by the School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Grant Number H.40001.1.7-08

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Ettore Beghi, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. UCB-Pharma for the preparation of a white paper on epilepsy

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Travel to epilepsy meeting funded by UCB-Pharma in June 2017 Received refund for travel expenses and/or honoraria for lectures or educational activities not funded by industry

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Epilepsia Open, Associate Editor, present Neuroepidemiology, member of the Editorial Board, present Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, member of the Editorial Board Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery, member of the Editorial Board

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Sanofi-Aventis, speaker at a Satellite Symposium, 2009

    Consultancies:

    1. Arvelle theraputics, scientific assessment of Cenobamate

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. UCB-Pharma, PI in observational study, current SHIRE, preparation of scientific manuscript on Delphi Panel

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Italian Ministry of Health, research projects in epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. American ALS Association

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Alla Guekht, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurological Sciences - associate editor, currently

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Russian Science Foundation 21-75-20112 unrelated to the manuscript

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Carlos A. Pardo, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH 1R01HL130649-01 Role: Co-Investigator 2015-2019 R01 NS110122-01A1 Role: Principal Investigator, 2019-2024 U01CA230691, Role: Co-Investigator, 2018-2023 NIH/NCI R01CA230285, Role: Co-Investigator, 2019-2024

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Bart McLean Fund for Neuroimmunology Research-Project Restore Siegel Rare Neuroimmune Association

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Greta Karen Wood, MRes,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Sherry Hsiang-Yi Chou, MD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) served as DSBM board member for Fostering Eating After Stroke With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (FEASt) trial (NCT01919112) Funded by the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2) Scientific Advisory Board: CSL Behring Biotherapies

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) American Academy of Neurology - Speaker honoraria (2) Neurology Today - Speaker Honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1)Stroke - Editorial Board Member (starting 2020) (2) Translational Stroke Research - Editorial board member (2 years) (3) CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics - Editorial Board member (2 years) (4) Neurocritical Care ON CALL - editorial board member (1 year)

    Patents:

    1. co-inventor for the patent “MITOCHONDRIAL BIOMARKERS OF, AND THERAPEUTICS AQ15 FOR, CNS INJURY AND DISEASE” filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office as Application 62/3817.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) through Grant Number(s) UL1 TR001857 (University of Pittsburgh/Chou) (2) National Institute of Health (R21NS113037, Chou)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. University of Pittsburgh Dean’s Faculty Advancement Award

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Ericka L. Fink, MD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. Grant from the National Institutes of Health to my institution, non-profit Grant from the Neurocritical Care Society to my institution, non-profit

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH (NINDS) R01 NS096714 Jun 2016-2021 “Development of Serum and Imaging Biomarker-Driven Models to Direct Clinical Direct: $1,968,062 Management after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest” Indirect: $662,885 Role: Primary Investigator Effort: 18% Clinicaltrials.org NCT02769026 NIH (NICHD) U10HD049983 Dec 2016-Nov 2020 Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN) Effort: 10% Role: CHP-UPMC site Alternate Principal Investigator PI on CPCCRN-Funded Project: PICU Core Outcomes Set $85,821 NIH (NHLBI) 1R01HL141429 Apr 2018-Feb 2022 “Understanding and preventing adverse safety events in pediatric Direct: $18,685 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests” Indirect: $10,544 Role: Co-Investigator Effort: 2% PI: Jeanne-Marie Guise, MD (Oregon Health & Science University) NIH (NICHD) 1R01HD095894 Sep 2018 – Aug 2020 “Optimizing Chest Compression During Infant and Child Direct: $23,795 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation” Indirect: $13,444 Role: Co-Investigator Effort: 5% PI: James Menegazzi, MD NIH (NIHCD) 1K01HD097030-01A1 Sep 2019 – Aug 2024 “Epigenetic influences on neurobehavioral recovery following $119,125 pediatric traumatic brain injury” Role: Mentor PI: Amery Treble-Barna

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Lloyd Reback Family Gift Committee Feb 2019-Jan 2021 “Innovative brain connectivity imaging and long-term child outcomes following Direct $20,000 cardiac arrest” Role: Primary Investigator Neurocritical Care Society INCLINE grant to my institution for research; primary investigator

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Erich Schmutzhard, MD,
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. UCB and ZOLL Medical: speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. Amir Kheradmand, MD,
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Frontiers in Neurology Audiology Research

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Agency: NIDCD K23DC013552 (PI) R01DC018815 (PI)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  17. Fan Kee Hoo, MD,
    18. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  18. Amit Kumar, PhD,
    19. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  19. Animesh Das, DM,
    20. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  20. Achal K. Srivastava, DM,
    21. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  21. Ayush Agarwal, DM,
    22. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  22. Tarun Dua, MD and
    23. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  23. Kameshwar Prasad, DM
    24. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. BMJ, Member of the International Editorial Advisory Board, 2016 - continued

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. 1. Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Medicine, Springer India, 2014

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1 Fever, hyperglycemia, swallowing and hypertension management in acute stroke: A cluster randomized controlled trial (Indian Quality Improvement in Stroke Care Study) under “Indian Stroke Research Network Grant No: SWG/neuro / 35/ 2017-NCD-I Start Date: 16/08/2018 End Date: 15/02/2021, Funding Agency: Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India. Role: Principal Investigator 2 Identification of brain imaging quantitative traits loci for cerebral small vessel disease among AIIMS cohort participants using genome-wide association study Grant No: R.11012/15/2018-HR Start Date: 15/08/2018 End Date: 14/08/2021, Funding Agency: Department of Health Research Government of India, Role: Principal Investigator 3 A population-based prospective cohort study to unravel the causes of stroke and cognitive decline: A cross-cultural perspective, Grant No: BT/IN/Netherlands/03/KP/2012 dated 14th February 2014, Start Date: 14/02/2014, End Date: 13/02/2022, Funding Agency: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Role: Principal Investigator 4 Next-generation gene sequencing to determine the association between certain functional exonic variations and young-onset Ischemic stroke, Grant No: BMS/ADHOC/GEN/2014-3475/JUL/15/8/DL/GOVT, Start Date: 01/03/2017, End Date: 30/11/2020, Funding Agency: Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, Role: Principal Investigator 5 Biomarkers to enhance the accuracy and precision of prediction of short-term and long-term outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study, Grant No: BT/01/COE/06/02/09-ii, Start Date: 05/09/2014, End Date: 31/05/2020, Funding Agency: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Role: Principal Investigator 6 Identification of Genetic risk factors of stroke in Indian population: Candidate gene approach, Grant No: BT/01/COE/06/02/09-ii, Start Date: 05/09/2014, End Date: 04/09/2019, Funding Agency: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Role: Principal Investigator 7. Towards a sustainable resource in stroke genetics from the four corners of India: the 4i study. Grant No: IND/CONT/E/11-12/206. Start Date: 12 March, 2012, End Date 14 December, 2014

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Neurology (S.M., D.R., A.K., A.D., A.K.S., A.A.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Brain Health Unit (K.K., T.D.), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology (M.P.), Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Columbia University Irving Medical Center–New York Presbyterian Hospital (K.T.T.), NY; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (T.S., B.D.M., G.K.W.), University of Liverpool; Department of Neurology (T.S., B.D.M.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection (B.D.M.), Liverpool, UK; Center for Global Health (A.S.W.), Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Centre for Global Health (A.S.W.), Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (E.B.), Milan, Italy; Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (A.G.), Russia; Departments of Neurology and Pathology (C.A.P.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C.); Department of Critical Care Medicine (E.L.F.), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; Departments of Neurology and Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery (A.K.), The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (F.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan; and Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (K.P.), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Prasad drkameshwarprasad{at}gmail.com
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