August 31, 2021; 97 (9) Research Article
Effects of High- and Low-Efficacy Therapy in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
View ORCID ProfileIzanne Roos, Emmanuelle Leray, View ORCID ProfileRomain Casey, Dana Horakova, Eva Havrdova, Guillermo Izquierdo, Sara Eichau Madueño, Francesco Patti, Gilles Edan, Marc Debouverie, Jean Pelletier, Serkan Ozakbas, Maria Pia Amato, Pierre Clavelou, Pierre Grammond, Cavit Boz, Katherine Buzzard, Olga Skibina, View ORCID ProfileJonathan Ciron, Oliver Gerlach, View ORCID ProfileFrancois Grand'Maison, Jeannette Lechner-Scott, Charles Malpas, Helmut Butzkueven, Sandra Vukusic, View ORCID ProfileTomas Kalincik, and the MSBase and OFSEP Study Groups
First published June 30, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012354
Izanne Roos
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Emmanuelle Leray
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Romain Casey
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Dana Horakova
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Eva Havrdova
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Guillermo Izquierdo
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Sara Eichau Madueño
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Francesco Patti
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Gilles Edan
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Marc Debouverie
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Jean Pelletier
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Serkan Ozakbas
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Maria Pia Amato
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Pierre Clavelou
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Pierre Grammond
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Cavit Boz
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Katherine Buzzard
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Olga Skibina
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Jonathan Ciron
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Oliver Gerlach
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Francois Grand'Maison
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Jeannette Lechner-Scott
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Charles Malpas
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Helmut Butzkueven
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Sandra Vukusic
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Tomas Kalincik
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
From the CORe (I.R., C.M., T.K.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Melbourne MS Centre (I.R., K.B., C.M., T.K.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Rennes University (E.L.), EHESP, REPERES EA 7449; Univ Rennes (E.L.), CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes); Université de Lyon (R.C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.C.), Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (R.C.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis (R.C.), state-approved foundation, Bron, France; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.H.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; General University Hospital (D.H., E.H.), Prague, Czech Republic; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I., S.E.M.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia; Multiple Sclerosis Center (F.P.), University of Catania, Italy; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes (G.E.), Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de neurologie, CIC1414 INSERM; Nancy University Hospital (M.D.), Department of Neurology; Université de Lorraine (M.D.), APEMAC, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Univ (J.P.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, France; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Konak/Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area (NEUROFARBA) (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), Department of Neurology; Université Clermont Auvergne (P.C.), Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Lévis, Canada; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Neurology (K.B., O.S., H.B.), Box Hill Hospital, Monash University; The Alfred Hospital (O.S.), Melbourne, Australia; CHU de Toulouse (J.C.), Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Department of Neurology (O.G.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Neuro Rive-Sud (F.G.), Quebec, Canada; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle; Central Clinical School (H.B.), Monash University; Department of Neurology (H.B.), The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Service de neurologie (S.V.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron; France Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon (S.V.), Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.V.), Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, France.
Effects of High- and Low-Efficacy Therapy in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Izanne Roos, Emmanuelle Leray, Romain Casey, Dana Horakova, Eva Havrdova, Guillermo Izquierdo, Sara Eichau Madueño, Francesco Patti, Gilles Edan, Marc Debouverie, Jean Pelletier, Serkan Ozakbas, Maria Pia Amato, Pierre Clavelou, Pierre Grammond, Cavit Boz, Katherine Buzzard, Olga Skibina, Jonathan Ciron, Oliver Gerlach, Francois Grand'Maison, Jeannette Lechner-Scott, Charles Malpas, Helmut Butzkueven, Sandra Vukusic, Tomas Kalincik, and the MSBase and OFSEP Study Groups
Neurology Aug 2021, 97 (9) e869-e880; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012354
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Abstract
Objective To compare the clinical effectiveness of high- and low-efficacy treatments in patients with recently active and inactive secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) after accounting for therapeutic lag.
Methods Patients treated with high-efficacy (natalizumab, alemtuzumab, mitoxantrone, ocrelizumab, rituximab, cladribine, fingolimod) or low-efficacy (interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide) therapies after SPMS onset were selected from MSBase and Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (OFSEP), 2 large observational cohorts. Therapeutic lag was estimated for each patient from their demographic and clinical characteristics. Propensity score was used to match patients treated with high- and low-efficacy therapies. Outcomes after the period of therapeutic lag was disregarded were compared in paired, pairwise-censored analyses.
Results One thousand patients were included in the primary analysis. Patients with active SPMS treated with high-efficacy therapy experienced less frequent relapses than those on low-efficacy therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.7, p = 0.006). In patients with inactive SPMS, there was no evidence for a difference in relapse frequency between groups (HR 0.8, p = 0.39). No evidence for a difference in the risk of disability progression was observed.
Conclusion In treated patients with SPMS, high-efficacy therapy is superior to low-efficacy therapy in reducing relapses in patients with active but not those with inactive SPMS. However, more potent therapies do not offer an advantage in reducing disability progression in this patient group.
Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that high-efficacy therapy is superior to low-efficacy therapy in reducing relapses in patients with active SPMS, although we did not find a difference in disability progression between patients treated with high- and low-efficacy therapy.
Glossary
- ARR=
- annualized relapse rate;
- ASCEND=
- Effect of Natalizumab on Disease Progression in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- DMT=
- disease-modifying therapy;
- EDSS=
- Expanded Disability Status Scale;
- EXPAND=
- Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Siponimod in Patients With Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis;
- HR=
- hazard ratio;
- MS=
- multiple sclerosis;
- OFSEP=
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques;
- SPECTRIMS=
- Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-Beta-1a in MS
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Editorial, page 407
Patient page e972
Class of Evidence: NPub.org/coe
- Received September 30, 2020.
- Accepted in final form May 19, 2021.
- © 2021 American Academy of Neurology
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