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March 29, 2022; 98 (13) Contemporary Issues in Practice, Education, & ResearchOpen Access

Revise the Uniform Determination of Death Act to Align the Law With Practice Through Neurorespiratory Criteria

Adam Omelianchuk, James Bernat, Arthur Caplan, David Greer, Christos Lazaridis, Ariane Lewis, Thaddeus Pope, Lainie Friedman Ross, David Magnus
First published January 25, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200024
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Article Information

vol. 98 no. 13 532-536
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200024
PubMed: 
35078943
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received October 25, 2021
  • Accepted in final form January 6, 2022
  • First Published January 25, 2022.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Adam Omelianchuk, PhD,
    2. James Bernat, MD,
    3. Arthur Caplan, PhD,
    4. David Greer, MD,
    5. Christos Lazaridis, MD,
    6. Ariane Lewis, MD,
    7. Thaddeus Pope, PhD,
    8. Lainie Friedman Ross, PhD and
    9. David Magnus, PhD
  1. Adam Omelianchuk, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. James Bernat, MD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. <br>NIH National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute DSMB for <br>multi-center clinical trial<br>NIH NINDS EPPIC-NET DSMB for clinical trials<br>

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>Editorial Board: Neurocritical Care: 2002-2017 (no <br>compensation)<br>Editorial Board: Neurology Today: 2001-2017 (no <br>compensation)<br>Editorial Board: The Physician's Index for Ethics and <br>Medicine: 2011-2019 (compensation)<br>Editorial Board: Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases: <br>2011-present (no compensation)<br>Editorial Board: Neurology Clinical Practice 2016-current <br>(no compensation)<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. <br>Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology. Elsevier, 2013 <br>Ethical Issues in Neuorology, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams <br>& Wilkins, 2008.<br>Palliative Care in Neurology. Oxford University Press, <br>2004.<br>

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. <br>NIH<br>1. Director, Ethics Core of SYNERGY: The Dartmouth <br>Clinical <br>and Translational Science Institute. National Center for <br>Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH NCATS) <br>UL1TR001086. (10% salary provision) Terminated <br>11/30/2019.<br>2. Consultant investigator. Patient-Centered Outcomes <br>Research Institute <br>(PCORI) "Randomize Everyone" PI: Tor Tosteson, Ph.D. <br>(2.5% salary provision), Terminated 7/1/2021<br> Signature: /James L. Bernat, M.D./ Date: January 3, 2022<br><br>

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Arthur Caplan, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. David Greer, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. <br>Becton Dickenson, Inc., travel to an international <br>conference to give <br>a <br>presentation.<br>

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>Editor in chief for Seminars in Neurology<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. <br>Book: 50 Studies Every Neurologist should Know, 2016.<br>

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. <br>Becton Dickenson, Inc., provides support to my <br>institution for<br>research that I'm involved with. I receive no direct <br>compensation.<br>

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. <br>Served as a consultant in medical legal cases 2012-2021<br> Signature: /David Greer/ Date: 1/3/2022<br><br>

  5. Christos Lazaridis, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>Neurocritical Care, Editorial Board Member since 2018<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. <br>(1) Stevanovich Institute for the formation of Knowledge at <br>the University of Chicago<br>(2) Neubauer Collegium at the University of Chicago<br>(3) Duchossois Family Institute at the University of <br>Chicago<br>(4) Institute of Translational Medicine at the University <br>of Chicago<br> Signature: /Christos Lazaridis/ Date: 01/03/2022<br><br>

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Ariane Lewis, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>1) Seminars in Neurology, Deputy Editor, 2019-present; 2) <br>Neurology, <br>Deputy Editor of Disputes and Debates, <br>2018-present; 3) Neurosurgical Focus, Guest Editor 2019<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. <br>expert testimony, plaintiff<br> Signature: Ariane Lewis Date: 1/3/2022<br><br>

  7. Thaddeus Pope, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. <br>THE RIGHT TO DIE: THE LAW OF END-OF-LIFE DECISIONMAKING <br>(3d ed. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business) (with Alan Meisel & <br>Kathy L. Cerminara) (2022).<br><br>Physician Assisted Dying. In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), <br>UpToDate, Waltham, MA (2021) (with Tim Quill and Peggy <br>Battin) (updated May 2021).<br><br>Palliative Care: Medically Futile and Potentially <br>Inappropriate / Inadvisable Therapies, In: UpToDate, Post <br>TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA (2021) (with John Lantos <br>and Laura Miller-Smith).<br><br>Legal Aspects in Palliative and End of Life Care in the <br>United States, In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), UpToDate, <br>Waltham, MA (updated May 2021).<br>

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. <br>Expert witness in California lawsuits concerning compliance <br>with an advance directive. Retained by for-profit law <br>firms.<br>

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. <br>Teaching bioethics course for Albany Medical College<br>

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. <br>Expert witness in California lawsuits concerning compliance <br>with an advance directive. Retained by for-profit law <br>firms.<br> Signature: Thaddeus Mason Pope Date: January 3, 2022<br><br>

  8. Lainie Friedman Ross, PhD and
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. <br>1) Data safety monitoring board (non-profit)<br>National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) STABILITY 2: ACL Reconstruction +/- Lateral Tenodesis with Patellar vs. Quad Tendon. Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) October 2020-<br><br>2) Non-profit:<br>Eastern Virginia Medical School Community Inclusion and Health Equity Initiative External Advisory Board. May 2021-<br>

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>1) Journal of Clinical Ethics, Editorial Board, March 2003- <br>2) Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Editorial Board, July 2004 –<br><br>3) Journal of Pediatrics, Editorial Board, January 2009- 2022<br>Section editor: Reflections on Ethics and Advocacy in Child Health (REACH), a quarterly series starting January <br>2021 co-edited with Mary Ott, MD, MA<br> <br>4) Journal of Empirical Research in Human Research Ethics (JERHRE), Editorial Board member July 2010 –<br><br>5) Pediatric Ethicscope: editorial board member<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. <br>5 books: <br>Lainie Friedman Ross. Children, Families and Health Care Decision Making. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, (Clarendon Press), 1998.<br><br>Lainie Friedman Ross. Children in Medical Research: Access versus Protection. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), 2006.<br><br>Robert M Veatch and Lainie Friedman Ross. Transplantation Ethics, 2nd ed. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2015.<br><br>Robert M Veatch and Lainie Friedman Ross. Defining Death: The Case for Choice. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016.<br><br>Lainie Friedman Ross and J. Richard Thistlethwaite Jr. The Living Organ Donor as Patient: Ethics and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2021.<br>

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. <br>1. National Institutes of Health [NIH]Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA]<br>NIH/National Center for Research Resources [NIH/NCRR]. Re-Engineering Translational Research at The University of Chicago (U54RR023560 ). Principal Investigator: Julian Solway. Project Period: 09/30/2007 - 09/29/2012. Total Grant= $22.6MM. I am co_PI.<br><br>2. of Us Research Program). 3UG3OD023189. Principal investigator Philip Greenland (Northwestern University); co-PIs: Robert A Winn (University of Illinois at Chicago) and Habibul Ahsan (University of Chicago). 7/6/16-6/30/21. ($5,301,304). <br>Role: Co-Investigator (ethics).<br><br>3. National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). U54DK118612. Principal investigators: Louis Philipson (University of Chicago) and Jose Florez (Broad Institute and Harvard University). Center for Identification and Study of Individuals with Atypical Diabetes Mellitus. 9/10/18-5/31/21 ($2,500,000).<br> Role: Co-Investigator (ethics)<br> (Radiant protocol implementation committee 9/18-6/21)<br><br>4. National Library of Medicine (NLM) G13LM013003. Sibling Obligations in Health Care ($150,000). 12/1/19-11/30/22. Role: PI.<br><br>5. Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society, University of Chicago. Co-PIs: Christos Lazaridis, Lainie Ross and Fernando Goldenberg. Making Progress on Death: Towards an Updated Normative Framework. July 1, 2020-June 30, 2021. ($32,300)<br><br>6. National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 2R01DK 104942-06 Principal investigators: Louis Philipson and Siri Atma W. Greeley (co-PI). Monogenic Diabetes: Next Generation Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications. January 1, 2021 -June 30, 2026.<br> Role: Co-Investigator (ethics)<br>

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. <br>Spouse owns stock in GE and Bristol Meyers Squibb<br> Signature: Lainie Friedman Ross, MD, PhD Date: 1/3/2022<br><br>

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. David Magnus, PhD
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. <br>The American Journal of Bioethics, Editor in Chief, 2012-<br>

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. <br>1. HEAL Collaboratory: Resource Coordinating Center for <br>Pragmatic Implementation Studies for the Management of <br>Pain (PRISM) to Reduce Opioid Prescribing <br>2019 – 2024. NIH 1U24AT010961-01 (Hernandez, Curtis, <br>Weinfurt), I. $6,249,316 (Subs: $19,442) <br><br>2. ELSI.hub: Center for ELSI Resources and Analysis<br>2019 – 2024. NIH U24HG010733-01 (Cho & Lee), I. $1,216,102 <br>(Subs: $534,693) <br><br>3. Spectrum Stanford Center for Clinical and Translational <br>Research and Education <br>2019 – 2024. NIH 1UL1TR003142-01 (O'hara, R), I. <br>$9,910,209 (Subs: $322,315)<br>

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. <br>1. Identifying potential barriers to and enablers of <br>development of ethical machine learning for healthcare<br>2019 – 2020. Greenwall Foundation (Cho), I. $84,285<br> Signature: /David Magnus/ Date: 1-3-22

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics (A.O., D.M.), CA; Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine (J.B.), Hanover, NH; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (A.C.), New York; Boston University School of Medicine (D.G.), MA; University of Chicago Medical Center (C.L.), IL; NYU Langone Medical Center (A.L.), New York; Mitchell Hamline School of Law (T.P.), St. Paul, MN; Institute for Translational Medicine (L.F.R.), Chicago; and University of Chicago (L.F.R.), IL.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Magnus dmagnus{at}stanford.edu

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