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April 05, 2022; 98 (14) Research Article

Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and Primary Psychiatric Psychosis

View ORCID ProfileMar Guasp, Lorena Martín-Aguilar, Lidia Sabater, View ORCID ProfileMiquel Bioque, View ORCID ProfileThaís Armangué, Eugenia Martínez-Hernández, View ORCID ProfileJon Landa, Estibaliz Maudes, Roger Borràs, Amaia Muñoz-Lopetegi, Albert Saiz, Josefina Castro-Fornieles, Francesc Graus, Eduard Parellada, View ORCID ProfileLuis Querol, View ORCID ProfileJosep Dalmau
First published February 10, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200021
Mar Guasp
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Lorena Martín-Aguilar
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Lidia Sabater
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Miquel Bioque
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Thaís Armangué
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Jon Landa
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Estibaliz Maudes
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Roger Borràs
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Amaia Muñoz-Lopetegi
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Albert Saiz
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Josefina Castro-Fornieles
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Francesc Graus
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Eduard Parellada
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Luis Querol
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Josep Dalmau
From the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (M.G., L.S., M.B., T.A., E.M.-H., J.L., E.M., A.M.-L., A.S., J.C.-F., F.G., E.P., J.D.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Neurology Department (M.G., E.M.-H., A.M.-L., A.S., J.D.), Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU) (M.B., E.P.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (T.A., J.C.-F.), Institute of Neuroscience, and Medical Statistics Core Facility (R.B.), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (M.G., L.S., E.M.-H., L.Q., J.D.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Department of Medicine (M.B., A.S., J.C.-F., E.P.), University of Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (M.B., J.C.-F., E.P.), Madrid; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and Primary Psychiatric Psychosis
Mar Guasp, Lorena Martín-Aguilar, Lidia Sabater, Miquel Bioque, Thaís Armangué, Eugenia Martínez-Hernández, Jon Landa, Estibaliz Maudes, Roger Borràs, Amaia Muñoz-Lopetegi, Albert Saiz, Josefina Castro-Fornieles, Francesc Graus, Eduard Parellada, Luis Querol, Josep Dalmau
Neurology Apr 2022, 98 (14) e1489-e1498; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200021

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Abstract

Background and Objectives An important challenge in diagnosing anti–NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (NMDARe) is differentiating it from a first episode of psychosis (FEP) caused by a psychiatric disease (pFEP). CSF antibody testing distinguishes these diseases, but spinal taps are difficult to obtain in psychiatric facilities. A separate problem is the lack of biomarkers of NMDARe severity and outcome. Here we assessed the performance of neurofilament light chain (NfL) testing in these settings.

Methods In this observational study, NfL levels were determined with single-molecule array in patients with NMDARe, pFEP, herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), and healthy participants (HC), with the last 2 groups used as controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the prediction accuracy of serum NfL (sNfL) levels for NMDARe and pFEP and to obtain clinically useful cutoffs.

Results One hundred eighteen patients with NMDARe (33 with isolated psychosis at presentation), 45 with pFEP, 36 with HSE, and 36 HC were studied. Patients with NMDARe with seizures/status epilepticus, intensive care unit admission, and CSF pleocytosis (>20 white blood cells/µL) and without early immunotherapy were more likely to have higher NfL (mainly in CSF) than individuals with NMDARe without these features. NfL levels at diagnosis of NMDARe did not correlate with outcome at 1-year follow-up assessed with the modified Rankin Scale. Patients with NMDARe had significantly higher sNfL than individuals with pFEP and HC and lower sNfL than patients with HSE. ROC analysis of sNfL between NMDARe with isolated psychosis and pFEP provided an area under the curve of 0.93 (95% CI 0.87–0.99) and an sNfL cutoff ≥15 pg/mL to distinguish these disorders (sensitivity 85%, specificity 96%, positive likelihood ratio 19.3). Forty-three of 45 (96%) patients with pFEP had sNfL<15 pg/mL, whereas only 5 of 33 (15%) with NMDARe with isolated psychosis were below this cutoff (risk estimation NMDARe vs pFEP: odds ratio 120.4 [95% CI 21.8–664], p < 0.001). None of the patients with HSE and 35 of 36 (97%) HC had sNfL<15 pg/mL.

Discussion NfL measured at diagnosis of NMDARe associated with features of disease severity but not with long-term outcome. Young patients with FEP and sNfL ≥15 pg/mL had a 120 times higher chance of having NMDARe than those with pFEP. This cutoff correctly classified 96% of patients with pFEP and 85% of patients with NMDARe with isolated psychosis. Patients with FEP of unclear etiology and sNfL ≥15 pg/mL should undergo CSF NMDAR antibody testing.

Glossary

AUC=
area under the curve;
DSM-5=
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition;
FEP=
first episode of psychosis;
HC=
healthy participants;
HSE=
herpes simplex virus encephalitis;
ICU=
intensive care unit;
IDIBAPS=
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer;
IQR=
interquartile range;
mRS=
modified Rankin Scale;
NfL=
neurofilament light chain;
NMDAR=
NMDA receptor;
NMDARe=
NMDAR encephalitis;
pFEP=
FEP caused by a primary psychiatric disease;
ROC=
receiver operating characteristic;
sNfL=
serum NfL

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • ↵* These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors.

  • ↵† These authors contributed equally to this work as senior authors.

  • Received August 23, 2021.
  • Accepted in final form January 3, 2022.
  • © 2022 American Academy of Neurology
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Disputes & Debates: Rapid online correspondence

  • Author Response: Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and Primary Psychiatric Psychosis
    • Mar Guasp, Neurologist, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
    • Josep Dalmau, Neurologist, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
    Submitted May 05, 2022
  • Reader Response: Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and Primary Psychiatric Psychosis
    • Salvador Vale, Psychiatrist, Laboratorios Trinidad
    Submitted April 24, 2022
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