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February 08, 2022; 98 (6) Research Article

Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson Disease Risk

Korean Nationwide Cohort Study With Repeated Health Screening Data

View ORCID ProfileSeo Yeon Yoon, You Hyun Park, Hyo Jeong Lee, Dae Ryong Kang, Yong Wook Kim
First published October 14, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012942
Seo Yeon Yoon
From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.Y.Y.), Korea University Guro Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (Y.H.P.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.L.), Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do; Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics (D.R.K.), Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; and Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (Y.W.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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  • ORCID record for Seo Yeon Yoon
You Hyun Park
From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.Y.Y.), Korea University Guro Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (Y.H.P.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.L.), Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do; Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics (D.R.K.), Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; and Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (Y.W.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Hyo Jeong Lee
From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.Y.Y.), Korea University Guro Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (Y.H.P.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.L.), Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do; Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics (D.R.K.), Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; and Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (Y.W.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Dae Ryong Kang
From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.Y.Y.), Korea University Guro Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (Y.H.P.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.L.), Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do; Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics (D.R.K.), Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; and Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (Y.W.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Yong Wook Kim
From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.Y.Y.), Korea University Guro Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (Y.H.P.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.L.), Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do; Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics (D.R.K.), Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; and Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (Y.W.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson Disease Risk
Korean Nationwide Cohort Study With Repeated Health Screening Data
Seo Yeon Yoon, You Hyun Park, Hyo Jeong Lee, Dae Ryong Kang, Yong Wook Kim
Neurology Feb 2022, 98 (6) e641-e652; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012942

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Abstract

Background and Objectives Many previous studies, mostly performed in Western countries, on the effects of lifestyle factors on Parkinson disease (PD) used baseline lifestyle characteristics without directly accounting for changes in covariate values over time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of repeatedly measured lifestyle factors with PD risk in a Korean population.

Methods We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study. Among 512,836 Koreans in the national health checkup database, we selected individuals who underwent health screening ≥3 times between 2002 and 2015 and followed up until December 31, 2015. PD was defined using the ICD-10 code G20 (with ≥3 times clinic visits for PD, to increase the diagnostic validity). Data on lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis with time-dependent covariates using generalized estimation equation models was performed to determine PD development.

Results During the 14-year follow-up, 2,665 patients developed PD. Smoking showed a dose–response inverse association with PD only in men (ex-smoker, odds ratio [OR] 0.782, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.713–0.858; current smoker, OR 0.556, 95% CI 0.488–0.632). Alcohol consumption and regular physical activity were related to reduced PD development in both sexes; however, alcohol consumption in men (≤3 per week, OR 0.717, 95% CI 0.658–0.780; ≥4 per week, OR 0.745, 95% CI 0.644–0.861) and physical activity in women (moderate, OR 0.792, 95% CI 0.748–0.840; vigorous, OR 0.830, 95% CI 0.756–0.911) had more consistent associations with PD development compared to those of the other sex. Participants with regular health screening showed a consistent relationship between lifestyle factors and PD development, whereas lifestyle factors in those without regular health screening had a decreased relationship with PD, even smoking habit.

Conclusions Analysis using repeatedly measured lifestyle factors showed an association between lifestyle factors and PD development. Characteristics of lifestyle data including repeated measurements, timing, or regularity might influence results, and future studies with appropriate lifestyle factors could increase PD risk prediction.

Classification of Evidence This study provides Class II evidence that smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity are associated with reduced risk of PD in a Korean population.

Glossary

BMI=
body mass index;
CCI=
Charlson Comorbidity Index;
CI=
confidence interval;
GEE=
generalized estimation equation;
ICD-10=
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision;
NHIS=
National Health Insurance Service;
NHSP=
National Health Screening Program;
OR=
odds ratio;
PD=
Parkinson disease

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • ↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.

  • Class of Evidence: NPub.org/coe

  • Infographic: links.lww.com/WNL/B737

  • Received April 16, 2021.
  • Accepted in final form September 24, 2021.
  • © 2021 American Academy of Neurology
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