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November 29, 2022; 99 (22) Research Article

Risk Factors for Term-Born Periventricular White Matter Injury in Children With Cerebral Palsy

A Case-Control Study

Amaar Marefi, Nafisa Husein, Mary Dunbar, Deborah Dewey, Nicole Letourneau, Maryam Oskoui, Adam Kirton, Michael I. Shevell, on behalf of the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry (CCPR)
First published August 30, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201274
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Article Information

vol. 99 no. 22 e2485-e2493
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201274
PubMed: 
36041870
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
0028-3878
Online ISSN: 
1526-632X
History: 
  • Received February 10, 2022
  • Accepted in final form August 5, 2022
  • First Published August 30, 2022.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2022 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Amaar Marefi, MD,
    2. Nafisa Husein, MSc,
    3. Mary Dunbar, MD,
    4. Deborah Dewey, MD,
    5. Nicole Letourneau, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCAHS,
    6. Maryam Oskoui, MDCM,
    7. Adam Kirton, MD, MSc,
    8. Michael I. Shevell, MDCM;
    9. on behalf of the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry (CCPR)
  1. Amaar Marefi, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Nafisa Husein, MSc,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Mary Dunbar, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. 1) CSF Neurotransmitter tube holder, I hold the patent. <br><br>(Canadian). It is an instrument to hold tubes to improve <br><br>the collection of CSF neurotransmitters. I do not sell or <br><br>otherwise benefit financially from the instrument.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Deborah Dewey, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. (1) North American Society for Sport and Physical Activity - Honorarium for <br>Keynote Address at online conference, June 2021<br><br><br><br>(2) Symposium on Metabolism and Disease, Institute of Life Science, Chongqing <br>Medical University - Honorarium for Keynote Address at online conference, <br>November 2021

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Current Developmental Disorders Reports, Editorial Board, 2018-2021<br><br>(2) Developmental Neuropsychology, Editorial Board, 2009-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) CIHR Training Grant &#x0096; Health Research Training Platform (HRTP) Pilot. Girls <br>and Women's Health and Wellness Pool Alliance against Violence and Adversity <br>(AVA): Health and Social Services Research Training Platform for System and <br>Population Transformations in Girls' and Women's Health, Co-Investigator, <br>2022-2028<br><br><br><br>(2) Canadian Institutes of Health Research &#x0096; Project Grant<br><br>Co-Principal Investigator, 2022-2026<br><br><br><br>(3) Canadian Institutes of Health Research &#x0096; Understanding/mitigating impacts <br>of COVID-19 on children, youth & families<br><br>Co-Investigator; 2021-2022<br><br><br><br>(4) Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute &#x0096; Small Research Grant<br><br>Co-investigtor, 2021-2022<br><br><br><br>(5) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada &#x0096; Insight Grant<br><br>Co-Investigator; 2021-2024<br><br><br><br>(6) Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project Grant<br><br>Co-investigator; 2021-2026<br><br><br><br>(7) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada &#x0096; Connection <br>Grant<br><br>Co-Investigator; 2020-2022<br><br><br><br>(8) Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project Grant<br><br>Social adjustment in survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)<br><br>Co-investigator; 2020-2024<br><br><br><br>(9) Owerko Centre Research Catalyst Grant<br><br>Principal Investigator; 2020-2023<br><br><br><br>(10) The W. Garfield Weston Foundation<br><br>Co-Principal Investigator; 2020-2021<br><br><br><br>(11) NHMRC (Australia) - Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) 2019 Preventive <br>and Public Health Research Grant Opportunity<br><br>Co-Principal Investigator; 2020-2024<br><br><br><br>(12) Canadian Institutes of Health Research<br><br>Principal Investigator: 2020-2024<br><br><br><br>(13) Canadian Institutes of Health Research<br><br>Co-Principal Investigator; 2018-2023<br><br><br><br>(24) Canadian Institutes of Health Research<br><br>Co-Principal Investigator; 2018-2023

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Nicole Letourneau, PhD, RN, FAAN, FCAHS,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. International Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health <br>Research

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Maryam Oskoui, MDCM,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Maryam Oskoui has received travel funding from the AAN.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Clinical trials in spinal muscular atrophy by<br>Roche pharmaceuticals and Biogen.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. FRQS (Fonds de Recherche du Quebec) <br>clinician research salary award<br>CIHR (Canadian Institutes of health Research) operating <br>grant

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Cerebral Palsy Alliance Foundation, <br>Fondation du Grand d&#x00E9;fi Pierre Lavoie, Montreal <br>Children's Hospital Foundation, Muscular Dystrophy Canada.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Adam Kirton, MD, MSc,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 2016CHILD-BRIGHT: Child Health Initiatives Limiting <br><br>Disability - Brain Research Improving Growth and Health <br><br>Trajectories<br><br>CIHR Strategic Patient Oriented Research (SPOR) in <br><br>Chronic <br><br>Disease<br><br>5 years, $12,450,000 (Mar 2016-Feb 2021)<br><br>PI: Majnemer A, Cohen E, Goldowitz D, Gorter J, Kirton A, <br><br>Lach L, Marelli A, McGrath P, Miller SP; CI: Florence D, <br><br>Gavin F, Kitch T, Major-Cook N, O'Donnell M, Thomson D<br><br><br><br>2016Emancipation of Children with Severe Quadriplegic <br><br>Cerebral Palsy Using Brain-Computer Interfaces (EQUIP) <br><br>Department of Pediatrics Innovation Award<br><br>1 year, $22000 CDN (Mar 2016 &#x0096; Feb 2017)<br><br>PI: Kirton A; CI: Burkholder L, Zewdie E, Emory <br><br>C, <br><br>Brunton L, Beckers K, Betuzzi C, Hodge J<br><br><br><br>2016Enhancing Medicosurgical Skill Learning with <br><br>Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation <br><br>OHMES Health Science and Medical Education Research and <br><br>Innovation Grant <br><br>1 year, $10000 CDN (Mar 2016- Feb 2017)<br><br>PI: Kirton A, Ciechanski P; CI: Cheng A, <br><br>Lopuchinsky S<br><br><br><br>2015The Alberta Perinatal Stroke Program: <br><br>Neuromodulation to Optimize Outcomes<br><br>CIHR Foundations Award<br><br>7 years, $2,823,521 CDN (2015-2022)<br><br>PI: Kirton A, Collaborators (23)<br><br><br><br>2015Mind control for severe hemiparesis in children: <br><br>Brain computer interface development in perinatal stroke<br><br>Heart and Stroke Foundation of Alberta Seed Grant<br><br>1 year, $45000 CDN (Sep 2015 &#x0096; Aug 2016)<br><br>PI: Kirton A; CI: Dukelow S, Zewdie E<br><br><br><br>2014Imaging the sensory network in children with <br><br>perinatal stroke and cerebral palsy<br><br>Robertson Fund for Cerebral Palsy, Hotchkiss Brain <br><br>Institute<br><br>1 year, $30000 CDN (Sep 2014 &#x0096; Aug 2015)<br><br>PI: Kirton A, Dukelow S <br><br><br><br>2013BDNF genetics of neuroplasticity in cerebral <br><br>palsy<br><br>Robertson Fund for Cerebral Palsy, Hotchkiss Brain <br><br>Institute<br><br>1 year, $30000 CDN (July 2013 &#x0096; June 2014)<br><br>PI: Kirton A, Hill M <br><br><br><br>2013HICCUP: Healthy Infants and Children Clinical <br><br>Research Program<br><br>Innovation Award, ACH Department of Pediatrics <br><br>1 year (Mar 2013-Feb 2014), $25000<br><br>PI: Kirton A; CI: Johnson D, Herpinger L, Denys J<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>MAJOR RESEARCH FUNDING AWARDED &#x0096; PRINCIPAL <br><br>INVESTIGATOR cont<br><br><br><br>2012The Alberta Perinatal Stroke Project<br><br>Alberta Innovates Health Solutions <br><br>Collaborative Research and Innovation <br><br>Opportunities <br><br>Project<br><br>3 years (2013-2016), $750000<br><br>PI: Kirton A; Co-leads: Yager J, Andersen J, <br><br>Collaborators: <br><br>Brooks B, Dukelow S, Kosior J, Hagel B, Buchhalter J, <br><br>Nettel-Aguirre A, O&#x0092;Grady K, Hill MD.<br><br><br><br>2012 Enhancement of developmental motor plasticity in <br><br>perinatal stroke with TDCS<br><br>Heart and Stroke Foundation, 3 years (2012-2015), <br><br>$270000. <br><br>PI: Kirton A; CI: Hill MD, Fehlings D, Andersen <br><br>J, <br><br>Goodyear B, Dukelow S, Beaulieu C, Dewey D, Chen R, <br><br>Majnemer

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. Occasional medicolegal expert testimony for plaintiffs or <br><br>defendants.

  8. Michael I. Shevell, MDCM;
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 1. Annals of the Child Neurology Society<br>2. Journal of Child Neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Kids Brain Health Network (grant #230493, PI from 2010-<br>2018)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Harvey Guyda Chair Fund of the Montreal Children&#x0092;s <br>Hospital Foundation.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. on behalf of the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry (CCPR)
  1. From the Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (A.M., N.H., M.O., M.I.S.), McGill University; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.,), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences (M.D., A.K.), University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (N.L., A.K.), University of Calgary; Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences (N.L.), University of Calgary; Faculty of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry (N.L.), University of Calgary; and Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (M.O.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Shevell, michael.shevell{at}muhc.mcgill.ca
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Article usage: August 2022 to February 2023

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