SeijiNishino, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 701B Welch Road, RM 142, Palo Alto, CA 94304nishino@stanford.edu
T. Kanbayashi, N. Fujiki, M. Uchino, B. Ripley, M. Watanabe, G.J. Lammers, H. Ishiguro, S. Shoji, Y. Nishida, S. Overeem, Y. Yoshida, S. Taheri, T. Shimizu, E. Mignot
Submitted December 29, 2003
Baumann reported that none of 11 Caucasian Guillain-Barre syndrome
(GBS) subjects (with impaired upper extremities, respiratory or cranial
nerve functions) had undetectably-low CSF hypocretin-1 levels, and only 2
of the 11 showed moderately reduced CSF hypocretin-1 levels (47% and 53%
of the mean level of controls). We believe that Baumann's findings are
noteworthy. We measured CSF hypocretin levels in 40 healthy controls, and
CSF levels were not reduced in any of these controls to the same degree
(363.2±16.3 pg/ml, range 222-653 pg/ml). [1] Considering the acute onset
of the disease, the reduced CSF hypocretin level in these two GBS subjects
is likely to reflect the disease process. Nevertheless, we agree that
there is a discrepancy in the portion of GBS patients who had low CSF
hypocretin levels, and also to the degree of reduction observed between
Baumann's and our studies.
Our experiment was retrospective and the CSF samples used were
previously collected from multiple sites. Only five were obtained from
Caucasian patients. The majority of CSF samples (23 out of 28) were from
hospitals located in the northern (Akita University), central (Tsukuba
University) and southern (Kumamoto University) parts of Japan.
Undetectably low CSF hypopocretin-1 levels in GBS were observed in
patients from both northern and southern areas (moderately reduced
hypocretin-1 levels were from all three areas). In some GBS subjects,
undetectable CSF hypocretin levels were observed repeatedly during the
course of the disease, thus the finding was consistent.
Griffin et al. suggested that GBS in northern China (acute motor axonal
neuropathy[AMAN] associated with Campylobacter) is a different disease
than GBS seen in western countries. [2,3] A previous postmortem study
suggested that axonal involvement is more frequent among Japanese patients
than in the Caucasian population. [4]
Furthermore, antibodies to GM1 and Gal NAc-GD1a, often associated
with AMAN in northern China, are also high in Japanese GBS. [5] Thus, it
is possible that GBS in Japan also has features that distinguish it from
GBS in western countries. Our seven undetectable CSF hypocretin GBS cases
exhibited severe and rapid onset with frequent respiratory involvement
which may suggest a link between AMAN and hypocretin deficiency. However,
four out of seven undetectable cases also exhibited sensory impairments.
There was also no association between anti GM1 and Gal NAc-GD1a antibodies
and low hypocretin levels. In addition, we did not observe any findings
suggesting a special link with Campylobacter infection. Therefore, low CSF
hypocretin levels and the issue of GBS subsets is unclear. Hypocretin
deficiency in the brain, as observed in hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy,
has not yet been confirmed in GBS subjects with low CSF hypocretin-1
levels. For these reasons, we consider future studies regarding the
mechanism of low CSF hypocretin levels in a subset of GBS subjects to be
important.
References
1. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B et al. The role of
cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy
and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1553-1562.
2. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in
northern China. The spectrum of neuropathological changes in clinically
defined cases. Brain 1995;118 ( Pt 3):577-595.
3. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in
northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-
glycolipid antibodies. Brain 1995;118 ( Pt 3):597-605.
4. Sobue G, Li M, Terao S, et al. Axonal pathology in Japanese
Guillain-Barre syndrome: a study of 15 autopsied cases. Neurology
1997;48:1694-1700.
5. Yuki N, Ho TW, Tagawa Y, et al. Autoantibodies to GM1b and
GalNAc-GD1a: relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and acute
motor axonal neuropathy in China. J Neurol Sci 1999;164:134-138.
Baumann reported that none of 11 Caucasian Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) subjects (with impaired upper extremities, respiratory or cranial nerve functions) had undetectably-low CSF hypocretin-1 levels, and only 2 of the 11 showed moderately reduced CSF hypocretin-1 levels (47% and 53% of the mean level of controls). We believe that Baumann's findings are noteworthy. We measured CSF hypocretin levels in 40 healthy controls, and CSF levels were not reduced in any of these controls to the same degree (363.2±16.3 pg/ml, range 222-653 pg/ml). [1] Considering the acute onset of the disease, the reduced CSF hypocretin level in these two GBS subjects is likely to reflect the disease process. Nevertheless, we agree that there is a discrepancy in the portion of GBS patients who had low CSF hypocretin levels, and also to the degree of reduction observed between Baumann's and our studies.
Our experiment was retrospective and the CSF samples used were previously collected from multiple sites. Only five were obtained from Caucasian patients. The majority of CSF samples (23 out of 28) were from hospitals located in the northern (Akita University), central (Tsukuba University) and southern (Kumamoto University) parts of Japan. Undetectably low CSF hypopocretin-1 levels in GBS were observed in patients from both northern and southern areas (moderately reduced hypocretin-1 levels were from all three areas). In some GBS subjects, undetectable CSF hypocretin levels were observed repeatedly during the course of the disease, thus the finding was consistent. Griffin et al. suggested that GBS in northern China (acute motor axonal neuropathy[AMAN] associated with Campylobacter) is a different disease than GBS seen in western countries. [2,3] A previous postmortem study suggested that axonal involvement is more frequent among Japanese patients than in the Caucasian population. [4]
Furthermore, antibodies to GM1 and Gal NAc-GD1a, often associated with AMAN in northern China, are also high in Japanese GBS. [5] Thus, it is possible that GBS in Japan also has features that distinguish it from GBS in western countries. Our seven undetectable CSF hypocretin GBS cases exhibited severe and rapid onset with frequent respiratory involvement which may suggest a link between AMAN and hypocretin deficiency. However, four out of seven undetectable cases also exhibited sensory impairments. There was also no association between anti GM1 and Gal NAc-GD1a antibodies and low hypocretin levels. In addition, we did not observe any findings suggesting a special link with Campylobacter infection. Therefore, low CSF hypocretin levels and the issue of GBS subsets is unclear. Hypocretin deficiency in the brain, as observed in hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy, has not yet been confirmed in GBS subjects with low CSF hypocretin-1 levels. For these reasons, we consider future studies regarding the mechanism of low CSF hypocretin levels in a subset of GBS subjects to be important.
References
1. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1553-1562.
2. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern China. The spectrum of neuropathological changes in clinically defined cases. Brain 1995;118 ( Pt 3):577-595.
3. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti- glycolipid antibodies. Brain 1995;118 ( Pt 3):597-605.
4. Sobue G, Li M, Terao S, et al. Axonal pathology in Japanese Guillain-Barre syndrome: a study of 15 autopsied cases. Neurology 1997;48:1694-1700.
5. Yuki N, Ho TW, Tagawa Y, et al. Autoantibodies to GM1b and GalNAc-GD1a: relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and acute motor axonal neuropathy in China. J Neurol Sci 1999;164:134-138.