PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Gregory L. Holmes
TI  - Animal model studies application to human patients
AID  - 10.1212/01.wnl.0000302369.24230.c6
DP  - 2007 Dec 11
TA  - Neurology
PG  - S28--S32
VI  - 69
IP  - 24 suppl 3
4099  - http://n.neurology.org/content/69/24_suppl_3/S28.short
4100  - http://n.neurology.org/content/69/24_suppl_3/S28.full
SO  - Neurology2007 Dec 11; 69
AB  - Animal models are used to identify potential new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and to study the effects of combining AEDs with different mechanisms of action. The models most commonly used to identify new AEDs are the maximal electroshock (MES) test, the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test, and the electrical kindling model. The MES test has been useful in identifying agents that block generalized tonic-clonic seizures by prolonging the inactivation of sodium channels. The PTZ model has proved to be a good predictor of clinical efficacy of generalized spike-wave epilepsies of the absence type, and agents that reduce the calcium flow through T-type calcium channels or that enhance chloride flow through GABA(A) receptors are effective in this model. Electrically or chemically induced kindling is a model of epileptogenesis and has been used to study the epileptogenic process and the molecules that interfere with this process. Many epilepsy patients who fail to achieve adequate seizure control with different monotherapy agents and are unsuitable for surgical management are given polytherapy. Animal models can be used to evaluate different combinations of AEDs before their use in humans. Initial studies have identified combinations associated with supra-additive anticonvulsant effects that may warrant further study.