PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Chunming Lu AU - Chuansheng Chen AU - Danling Peng AU - Wenping You AU - Xuhui Zhang AU - Guosheng Ding AU - Xiaoxiang Deng AU - Qian Yan AU - Peter Howell TI - Neural anomaly and reorganization in speakers who stutter AID - 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826356d2 DP - 2012 Aug 14 TA - Neurology PG - 625--632 VI - 79 IP - 7 4099 - http://n.neurology.org/content/79/7/625.short 4100 - http://n.neurology.org/content/79/7/625.full SO - Neurology2012 Aug 14; 79 AB - Objectives: The aim of the current study was to differentiate between neural activity that represents neural anomalies that are responsible for persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) from the activity that is a result of compensating for stuttering. This was done by investigating alterations to the intrinsic functional architecture of speech-language processes of patients with PDS before and after a short-term intervention. Methods: The resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and cortical thickness were examined before and after the intervention. The structural data were used to validate the functional results. Fifteen stuttering patients who received intervention (PDS+), 13 stuttering patients who did not receive intervention (PDS−), and 13 fluent controls participated. Results: Before the intervention, both groups of PDS patients showed significant RSFC and cortical thickness reductions in the left pars-opercularis (PO) and RSFC increases in the cerebellum, as compared to fluent controls. The intervention was effective in reducing stuttering in PDS+ patients and lowering their RSFC in the cerebellum to the level of fluent controls. The intervention effect was specific to the PDS+ group (it was not evident in the PDS− group). The intervention did not change RSFC and cortical thickness in the left PO, which remained at its preintervention level. Conclusions: The results suggest that the left PO is a locus where the intrinsic functional architecture of speech-language processes is altered in PDS patients, suggesting an etiologic role of this region in PDS. The cerebellum showed intervention-induced neural reorganization, suggesting a compensatory response when stuttering occurs. AFNI=Analysis of Functional NeuroImages; BA=Brodmann area; EPI=echoplanar image; IC=independent component; ICA=independent component analysis; IFC=inferior frontal cortex; MFG=middle frontal gyrus; OASES=Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering; PDS=persistent developmental stuttering; PDS−=stuttering patients who did not receive intervention; PDS+=stuttering patients who received intervention; PO=pars-opercularis; ROI=region of interest; RSFC=resting-state functional connectivity; SMA=supplementary motor area; SSI-3=Stuttering Severity Instrument version III; TE=echo time; TR=repetition time