RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia
JF Neurology
JO Neurology
FD Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
SP 1397
OP 1405
DO 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826c197f
VO 79
IS 13
A1 Balion, Cynthia
A1 Griffith, Lauren E.
A1 Strifler, Lisa
A1 Henderson, Matthew
A1 Patterson, Christopher
A1 Heckman, George
A1 Llewellyn, David J.
A1 Raina, Parminder
YR 2012
UL http://n.neurology.org/content/79/13/1397.abstract
AB Objective: To examine the association between cognitive function and dementia with vitamin D concentration in adults. Methods: Five databases were searched for English-language studies up to August 2010, and included all study designs with a comparative group. Cognitive function or impairment was defined by tests of global or domain-specific cognitive performance and dementia was diagnosed according to recognized criteria. A vitamin D measurement was required. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using predefined criteria. The Q statistic and I2 methods were used to test for heterogeneity. We conducted meta-analyses using random effects models for the weighted mean difference (WMD) and Hedge's g. Results: Thirty-seven studies were included; 8 contained data allowing mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores to be compared between participants with vitamin D <50 nmol/L to those with values ≥50 nmol/L. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies that compared the WMD for MMSE but an overall positive effect for the higher vitamin D group (1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5 to 1.9; I2 = 0.65; p = 0.002). The small positive effect persisted despite several sensitivity analyses. Six studies presented data comparing Alzheimer disease (AD) to controls but 2 utilized a method withdrawn from commercial use. For the remaining 4 studies the AD group had a lower vitamin D concentration compared to the control group (WMD = −6.2 nmol/L, 95% CI −10.6 to −1.8) with no heterogeneity (I2 < 0.01; p = 0.53). Conclusion: These results suggest that lower vitamin D concentrations are associated with poorer cognitive function and a higher risk of AD. Further studies are required to determine the significance and potential public health benefit of this association. AD=Alzheimer disease; CI=confidence interval; CPBA=competitive protein binding assay; GDNF=glial cell derived neurotrophic factor; iNOS=nitric oxide synthase; MMSE=Mini-Mental State Examination; NGF=nerve growth factor; NINCDS-ADRDA=National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; PTH=parathyroid hormone; RCT=randomized controlled trial; RIA=radioimmunoassay; WMD=weighted mean difference